Biophysical skin properties of grade 1 pressure ulcers and unaffected skin in spinal cord injured and able-bodied persons in the unloaded sacral region

To examine biophysical skin properties in the sacral region in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients suffering from a grade 1 pressure ulcer (PU) defined as non-blanchable erythema (SCI/PU), SCI patients in the post-acute phase (SCI/PA) and able-bodied participants (CON). Also, for SCI/PU patients, both...

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Vydané v:	Journal of tissue viability Ročník 26; číslo 2; s. 89 - 94
Hlavní autori:	Scheel-Sailer, Anke, Frotzler, Angela, Mueller, Gabi, Annaheim, Simon, Rossi, René Michel, Derler, Siegfried
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	England Elsevier Ltd 01.05.2017
Predmet:	Adult Advanced Basic Science Aged Case-Control Studies Critical Care Female Humans Male Middle Aged Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Pressure Ulcer - classification Pressure Ulcer - etiology Pressure Ulcer - physiopathology Sacrococcygeal Region Sacrum Skin - blood supply Skin - pathology Skin elasticity Skin hydration Skin perfusion Skin Physiological Phenomena Skin physiology Skin redness Spinal Cord Injuries - complications Skin perfusion Skin elasticity Skin physiology Skin redness Skin hydration
ISSN:	0965-206X
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Abstract	To examine biophysical skin properties in the sacral region in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients suffering from a grade 1 pressure ulcer (PU) defined as non-blanchable erythema (SCI/PU), SCI patients in the post-acute phase (SCI/PA) and able-bodied participants (CON). Also, for SCI/PU patients, both the affected skin and healthy skin close to the PU were examined. An experimental controlled study with a convenience sample. A Swiss acute care and rehabilitation clinic specializing in SCIs. We determined hydration, redness, elasticity and perfusion of the unloaded skin in the sacral region of 6 SCI/PU patients (affected and healthy skin), 20 SCI/PA patients and 10 able-bodied controls. These measures were made by two trained examiners after the patients were lying in the supine position. The affected skin of SCI/PU patients showed elevated redness: median 595.5 arbitrary units (AU) (quartiles 440.4; 631.6) and perfusion: 263.0 AU (104.1; 659.4), both significantly increased compared to the healthy skin in SCI/PA patients and CON (p < 0.001). Similarly, healthy skin of SCI/PA patients showed elevated redness (p = 0.016) and perfusion (p < 0.001) compared to CON. On the other hand, differences in redness and perfusion between the affected and unaffected skin in SCI/PU patients were not significant. The results for skin hydration and skin elasticity were similar in all groups. Skin perfusion and redness were significantly increased in grade 1 PUs and for healthy skin in both SCI/PA patients and CON participants; thus, these are important in understanding the pathophysiology of PUs and skin in SCI. •Biophysical skin properties in the sacral region are different in spinal cord injury patients.•Skin perfusion and redness were significantly increased over superficial pressure ulcer.•Redness for healthy skin of SCI patients with pressure ulcer was significantly elevated.•Skin redness in SCI patients without pressure ulcer was also significantly elevated.•The results for skin hydration and skin elasticity did not show any significant differences.
AbstractList	Abstract Aim of the study To examine biophysical skin properties in the sacral region in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients suffering from a grade 1 pressure ulcer (PU) defined as non-blanchable erythema (SCI/PU), SCI patients in the post-acute phase (SCI/PA) and able-bodied participants (CON). Also, for SCI/PU patients, both the affected skin and healthy skin close to the PU were examined. Study design An experimental controlled study with a convenience sample. Setting A Swiss acute care and rehabilitation clinic specializing in SCIs. Materials and methods We determined hydration, redness, elasticity and perfusion of the unloaded skin in the sacral region of 6 SCI/PU patients (affected and healthy skin), 20 SCI/PA patients and 10 able-bodied controls. These measures were made by two trained examiners after the patients were lying in the supine position. Results The affected skin of SCI/PU patients showed elevated redness: median 595.5 arbitrary units (AU) (quartiles 440.4; 631.6) and perfusion: 263.0 AU (104.1; 659.4), both significantly increased compared to the healthy skin in SCI/PA patients and CON ( p < 0.001). Similarly, healthy skin of SCI/PA patients showed elevated redness ( p = 0.016) and perfusion ( p < 0.001) compared to CON. On the other hand, difference in redness and perfusion between the affected and unaffected skin in SCI/PU patients were not significant. The results for skin hydration and skin elasticity were similar in all groups. Conclusions Skin perfusion and redness were significantly increased in grade 1 PUs and for healthy skin in both SCI/PA patients and CON participants; thus, these are important in understanding the pathophysiology of PUs and skin in SCI. AIM OF THE STUDYTo examine biophysical skin properties in the sacral region in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients suffering from a grade 1 pressure ulcer (PU) defined as non-blanchable erythema (SCI/PU), SCI patients in the post-acute phase (SCI/PA) and able-bodied participants (CON). Also, for SCI/PU patients, both the affected skin and healthy skin close to the PU were examined.STUDY DESIGNAn experimental controlled study with a convenience sample.SETTINGA Swiss acute care and rehabilitation clinic specializing in SCIs.MATERIALS AND METHODSWe determined hydration, redness, elasticity and perfusion of the unloaded skin in the sacral region of 6 SCI/PU patients (affected and healthy skin), 20 SCI/PA patients and 10 able-bodied controls. These measures were made by two trained examiners after the patients were lying in the supine position.RESULTSThe affected skin of SCI/PU patients showed elevated redness: median 595.5 arbitrary units (AU) (quartiles 440.4; 631.6) and perfusion: 263.0 AU (104.1; 659.4), both significantly increased compared to the healthy skin in SCI/PA patients and CON (p < 0.001). Similarly, healthy skin of SCI/PA patients showed elevated redness (p = 0.016) and perfusion (p < 0.001) compared to CON. On the other hand, differences in redness and perfusion between the affected and unaffected skin in SCI/PU patients were not significant. The results for skin hydration and skin elasticity were similar in all groups.CONCLUSIONSSkin perfusion and redness were significantly increased in grade 1 PUs and for healthy skin in both SCI/PA patients and CON participants; thus, these are important in understanding the pathophysiology of PUs and skin in SCI. To examine biophysical skin properties in the sacral region in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients suffering from a grade 1 pressure ulcer (PU) defined as non-blanchable erythema (SCI/PU), SCI patients in the post-acute phase (SCI/PA) and able-bodied participants (CON). Also, for SCI/PU patients, both the affected skin and healthy skin close to the PU were examined. An experimental controlled study with a convenience sample. A Swiss acute care and rehabilitation clinic specializing in SCIs. We determined hydration, redness, elasticity and perfusion of the unloaded skin in the sacral region of 6 SCI/PU patients (affected and healthy skin), 20 SCI/PA patients and 10 able-bodied controls. These measures were made by two trained examiners after the patients were lying in the supine position. The affected skin of SCI/PU patients showed elevated redness: median 595.5 arbitrary units (AU) (quartiles 440.4; 631.6) and perfusion: 263.0 AU (104.1; 659.4), both significantly increased compared to the healthy skin in SCI/PA patients and CON (p < 0.001). Similarly, healthy skin of SCI/PA patients showed elevated redness (p = 0.016) and perfusion (p < 0.001) compared to CON. On the other hand, differences in redness and perfusion between the affected and unaffected skin in SCI/PU patients were not significant. The results for skin hydration and skin elasticity were similar in all groups. Skin perfusion and redness were significantly increased in grade 1 PUs and for healthy skin in both SCI/PA patients and CON participants; thus, these are important in understanding the pathophysiology of PUs and skin in SCI. •Biophysical skin properties in the sacral region are different in spinal cord injury patients.•Skin perfusion and redness were significantly increased over superficial pressure ulcer.•Redness for healthy skin of SCI patients with pressure ulcer was significantly elevated.•Skin redness in SCI patients without pressure ulcer was also significantly elevated.•The results for skin hydration and skin elasticity did not show any significant differences. To examine biophysical skin properties in the sacral region in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients suffering from a grade 1 pressure ulcer (PU) defined as non-blanchable erythema (SCI/PU), SCI patients in the post-acute phase (SCI/PA) and able-bodied participants (CON). Also, for SCI/PU patients, both the affected skin and healthy skin close to the PU were examined. An experimental controlled study with a convenience sample. A Swiss acute care and rehabilitation clinic specializing in SCIs. We determined hydration, redness, elasticity and perfusion of the unloaded skin in the sacral region of 6 SCI/PU patients (affected and healthy skin), 20 SCI/PA patients and 10 able-bodied controls. These measures were made by two trained examiners after the patients were lying in the supine position. The affected skin of SCI/PU patients showed elevated redness: median 595.5 arbitrary units (AU) (quartiles 440.4; 631.6) and perfusion: 263.0 AU (104.1; 659.4), both significantly increased compared to the healthy skin in SCI/PA patients and CON (p < 0.001). Similarly, healthy skin of SCI/PA patients showed elevated redness (p = 0.016) and perfusion (p < 0.001) compared to CON. On the other hand, differences in redness and perfusion between the affected and unaffected skin in SCI/PU patients were not significant. The results for skin hydration and skin elasticity were similar in all groups. Skin perfusion and redness were significantly increased in grade 1 PUs and for healthy skin in both SCI/PA patients and CON participants; thus, these are important in understanding the pathophysiology of PUs and skin in SCI.
Author	Frotzler, Angela Annaheim, Simon Mueller, Gabi Derler, Siegfried Rossi, René Michel Scheel-Sailer, Anke
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Anke surname: Scheel-Sailer fullname: Scheel-Sailer, Anke email: anke.scheel@paraplegie.ch organization: Swiss Paraplegic Center, Nottwil, Switzerland – sequence: 2 givenname: Angela surname: Frotzler fullname: Frotzler, Angela organization: Swiss Paraplegic Center, Nottwil, Switzerland – sequence: 3 givenname: Gabi surname: Mueller fullname: Mueller, Gabi organization: Swiss Paraplegic Center, Nottwil, Switzerland – sequence: 4 givenname: Simon surname: Annaheim fullname: Annaheim, Simon organization: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, St. Gallen, Switzerland – sequence: 5 givenname: René Michel surname: Rossi fullname: Rossi, René Michel organization: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, St. Gallen, Switzerland – sequence: 6 givenname: Siegfried surname: Derler fullname: Derler, Siegfried organization: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27863746$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords	Skin perfusion Skin elasticity Skin physiology Skin redness Skin hydration
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Snippet	To examine biophysical skin properties in the sacral region in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients suffering from a grade 1 pressure ulcer (PU) defined as... Abstract Aim of the study To examine biophysical skin properties in the sacral region in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients suffering from a grade 1 pressure... AIM OF THE STUDYTo examine biophysical skin properties in the sacral region in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients suffering from a grade 1 pressure ulcer (PU)...
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SubjectTerms	Adult Advanced Basic Science Aged Case-Control Studies Critical Care Female Humans Male Middle Aged Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Pressure Ulcer - classification Pressure Ulcer - etiology Pressure Ulcer - physiopathology Sacrococcygeal Region Sacrum Skin - blood supply Skin - pathology Skin elasticity Skin hydration Skin perfusion Skin Physiological Phenomena Skin physiology Skin redness Spinal Cord Injuries - complications
Title	Biophysical skin properties of grade 1 pressure ulcers and unaffected skin in spinal cord injured and able-bodied persons in the unloaded sacral region
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