Trained immunity: General and emerging concepts

Summary Over the past decade, compelling evidence has unveiled previously overlooked adaptive characteristics of innate immune cells. Beyond their traditional role in providing short, non‐specific protection against pathogens, innate immune cells can acquire antigen‐agnostic memory, exhibiting incre...

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Published in:	Immunological reviews Vol. 323; no. 1; pp. 164 - 185
Main Authors:	Vuscan, Patricia, Kischkel, Brenda, Joosten, Leo A. B., Netea, Mihai G.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.05.2024
Subjects:	Adaptive Immunity Animals Autoimmune diseases Autoimmune Diseases - immunology Epigenesis, Genetic Epigenetics Humans Immune system Immunity Immunity, Innate Immunologic Memory Immunological memory inflammation innate immune memory Paralysis Pathogenesis Therapeutic targets therapeutics Trained Immunity vaccines inflammation vaccines epigenetics innate immune memory
ISSN:	0105-2896, 1600-065X, 1600-065X
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Abstract	Summary Over the past decade, compelling evidence has unveiled previously overlooked adaptive characteristics of innate immune cells. Beyond their traditional role in providing short, non‐specific protection against pathogens, innate immune cells can acquire antigen‐agnostic memory, exhibiting increased responsiveness to secondary stimulation. This long‐term de‐facto innate immune memory, also termed trained immunity, is mediated through extensive metabolic rewiring and epigenetic modifications. While the upregulation of trained immunity proves advantageous in countering immune paralysis, its overactivation contributes to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we present the latest advancements in the field of innate immune memory followed by a description of the fundamental mechanisms underpinning trained immunity generation and different cell types that mediate it. Furthermore, we explore its implications for various diseases and examine current limitations and its potential therapeutic targeting in immune‐related disorders.
AbstractList	Summary Over the past decade, compelling evidence has unveiled previously overlooked adaptive characteristics of innate immune cells. Beyond their traditional role in providing short, non‐specific protection against pathogens, innate immune cells can acquire antigen‐agnostic memory, exhibiting increased responsiveness to secondary stimulation. This long‐term de‐facto innate immune memory, also termed trained immunity, is mediated through extensive metabolic rewiring and epigenetic modifications. While the upregulation of trained immunity proves advantageous in countering immune paralysis, its overactivation contributes to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we present the latest advancements in the field of innate immune memory followed by a description of the fundamental mechanisms underpinning trained immunity generation and different cell types that mediate it. Furthermore, we explore its implications for various diseases and examine current limitations and its potential therapeutic targeting in immune‐related disorders. Over the past decade, compelling evidence has unveiled previously overlooked adaptive characteristics of innate immune cells. Beyond their traditional role in providing short, non‐specific protection against pathogens, innate immune cells can acquire antigen‐agnostic memory, exhibiting increased responsiveness to secondary stimulation. This long‐term de‐facto innate immune memory, also termed trained immunity, is mediated through extensive metabolic rewiring and epigenetic modifications. While the upregulation of trained immunity proves advantageous in countering immune paralysis, its overactivation contributes to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we present the latest advancements in the field of innate immune memory followed by a description of the fundamental mechanisms underpinning trained immunity generation and different cell types that mediate it. Furthermore, we explore its implications for various diseases and examine current limitations and its potential therapeutic targeting in immune‐related disorders. Over the past decade, compelling evidence has unveiled previously overlooked adaptive characteristics of innate immune cells. Beyond their traditional role in providing short, non‐specific protection against pathogens, innate immune cells can acquire antigen‐agnostic memory, exhibiting increased responsiveness to secondary stimulation. This long‐term de‐facto innate immune memory, also termed trained immunity , is mediated through extensive metabolic rewiring and epigenetic modifications. While the upregulation of trained immunity proves advantageous in countering immune paralysis, its overactivation contributes to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we present the latest advancements in the field of innate immune memory followed by a description of the fundamental mechanisms underpinning trained immunity generation and different cell types that mediate it. Furthermore, we explore its implications for various diseases and examine current limitations and its potential therapeutic targeting in immune‐related disorders. Over the past decade, compelling evidence has unveiled previously overlooked adaptive characteristics of innate immune cells. Beyond their traditional role in providing short, non-specific protection against pathogens, innate immune cells can acquire antigen-agnostic memory, exhibiting increased responsiveness to secondary stimulation. This long-term de-facto innate immune memory, also termed trained immunity, is mediated through extensive metabolic rewiring and epigenetic modifications. While the upregulation of trained immunity proves advantageous in countering immune paralysis, its overactivation contributes to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we present the latest advancements in the field of innate immune memory followed by a description of the fundamental mechanisms underpinning trained immunity generation and different cell types that mediate it. Furthermore, we explore its implications for various diseases and examine current limitations and its potential therapeutic targeting in immune-related disorders.Over the past decade, compelling evidence has unveiled previously overlooked adaptive characteristics of innate immune cells. Beyond their traditional role in providing short, non-specific protection against pathogens, innate immune cells can acquire antigen-agnostic memory, exhibiting increased responsiveness to secondary stimulation. This long-term de-facto innate immune memory, also termed trained immunity, is mediated through extensive metabolic rewiring and epigenetic modifications. While the upregulation of trained immunity proves advantageous in countering immune paralysis, its overactivation contributes to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we present the latest advancements in the field of innate immune memory followed by a description of the fundamental mechanisms underpinning trained immunity generation and different cell types that mediate it. Furthermore, we explore its implications for various diseases and examine current limitations and its potential therapeutic targeting in immune-related disorders.
Author	Joosten, Leo A. B. Kischkel, Brenda Vuscan, Patricia Netea, Mihai G.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Patricia orcidid: 0009-0006-0045-790X surname: Vuscan fullname: Vuscan, Patricia organization: Radboud University Medical Center – sequence: 2 givenname: Brenda orcidid: 0000-0001-6963-1001 surname: Kischkel fullname: Kischkel, Brenda organization: Radboud University Medical Center – sequence: 3 givenname: Leo A. B. orcidid: 0000-0001-6166-9830 surname: Joosten fullname: Joosten, Leo A. B. organization: Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy – sequence: 4 givenname: Mihai G. orcidid: 0000-0003-2421-6052 surname: Netea fullname: Netea, Mihai G. email: mihai.netea@radboudumc.nl organization: University of Bonn
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PublicationPlace	England
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PublicationTitle	Immunological reviews
PublicationTitleAlternate	Immunol Rev
PublicationYear	2024
Publisher	Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Publisher_xml	– name: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
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Snippet	Summary Over the past decade, compelling evidence has unveiled previously overlooked adaptive characteristics of innate immune cells. Beyond their traditional... Over the past decade, compelling evidence has unveiled previously overlooked adaptive characteristics of innate immune cells. Beyond their traditional role in...
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SubjectTerms	Adaptive Immunity Animals Autoimmune diseases Autoimmune Diseases - immunology Epigenesis, Genetic Epigenetics Humans Immune system Immunity Immunity, Innate Immunologic Memory Immunological memory inflammation innate immune memory Paralysis Pathogenesis Therapeutic targets therapeutics Trained Immunity vaccines
Title	Trained immunity: General and emerging concepts
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