Thinking twice about sum scores

A common way to form scores from multiple-item scales is to sum responses of all items. Though sum scoring is often contrasted with factor analysis as a competing method, we review how factor analysis and sum scoring both fall under the larger umbrella of latent variable models, with sum scoring bei...

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Veröffentlicht in:Behavior research methods Jg. 52; H. 6; S. 2287 - 2305
Hauptverfasser: McNeish, Daniel, Wolf, Melissa Gordon
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: New York Springer US 01.12.2020
Springer Nature B.V
Schlagworte:
Analysis
Arithmetic
Behavioral Science and Psychology
Classification
Cognitive Psychology
Constraints
Factor analysis
Factor Analysis, Statistical
Humans
Justification
Mathematical models
Mathematics
Measures
Property
Psychology
Psychometrics
Quantitative psychology
Reliability
Reproducibility of Results
Scores
Side effects
Statistical analysis
Surveys and Questionnaires
Scale scores
Psychometrics
Scales
Factor analysis
ISSN:1554-3528, 1554-3528
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Zusammenfassung:A common way to form scores from multiple-item scales is to sum responses of all items. Though sum scoring is often contrasted with factor analysis as a competing method, we review how factor analysis and sum scoring both fall under the larger umbrella of latent variable models, with sum scoring being a constrained version of a factor analysis. Despite similarities, reporting of psychometric properties for sum scored or factor analyzed scales are quite different. Further, if researchers use factor analysis to validate a scale but subsequently sum score the scale, this employs a model that differs from validation model. By framing sum scoring within a latent variable framework, our goal is to raise awareness that (a) sum scoring requires rather strict constraints, (b) imposing these constraints requires the same type of justification as any other latent variable model, and (c) sum scoring corresponds to a statistical model and is not a model-free arithmetic calculation. We discuss how unjustified sum scoring can have adverse effects on validity, reliability, and qualitative classification from sum score cut-offs. We also discuss considerations for how to use scale scores in subsequent analyses and how these choices can alter conclusions. The general goal is to encourage researchers to more critically evaluate how they obtain, justify, and use multiple-item scale scores.
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ISSN:1554-3528
1554-3528
DOI:10.3758/s13428-020-01398-0