Food Swamps Predict Obesity Rates Better Than Food Deserts in the United States
This paper investigates the effect of food environments, characterized as food swamps, on adult obesity rates. Food swamps have been described as areas with a high-density of establishments selling high-calorie fast food and junk food, relative to healthier food options. This study examines multiple...
Saved in:
| Published in: | International journal of environmental research and public health Vol. 14; no. 11; p. 1366 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Switzerland
MDPI AG
14.11.2017
MDPI |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 1660-4601, 1661-7827, 1660-4601 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | This paper investigates the effect of food environments, characterized as food swamps, on adult obesity rates. Food swamps have been described as areas with a high-density of establishments selling high-calorie fast food and junk food, relative to healthier food options. This study examines multiple ways of categorizing food environments as food swamps and food deserts, including alternate versions of the Retail Food Environment Index. We merged food outlet, sociodemographic and obesity data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Environment Atlas, the American Community Survey, and a commercial street reference dataset. We employed an instrumental variables (IV) strategy to correct for the endogeneity of food environments (i.e., that individuals self-select into neighborhoods and may consider food availability in their decision). Our results suggest that the presence of a food swamp is a stronger predictor of obesity rates than the absence of full-service grocery stores. We found, even after controlling for food desert effects, food swamps have a positive, statistically significant effect on adult obesity rates. All three food swamp measures indicated the same positive association, but reflected different magnitudes of the food swamp effect on rates of adult obesity (p values ranged from 0.00 to 0.16). Our adjustment for reverse causality, using an IV approach, revealed a stronger effect of food swamps than would have been obtained by naïve ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates. The food swamp effect was stronger in counties with greater income inequality (p < 0.05) and where residents are less mobile (p < 0.01). Based on these findings, local government policies such as zoning laws simultaneously restricting access to unhealthy food outlets and incentivizing healthy food retailers to locate in underserved neighborhoods warrant consideration as strategies to increase health equity. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | This paper investigates the effect of food environments, characterized as food swamps, on adult obesity rates. Food swamps have been described as areas with a high-density of establishments selling high-calorie fast food and junk food, relative to healthier food options. This study examines multiple ways of categorizing food environments as food swamps and food deserts, including alternate versions of the Retail Food Environment Index. We merged food outlet, sociodemographic and obesity data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Environment Atlas, the American Community Survey, and a commercial street reference dataset. We employed an instrumental variables (IV) strategy to correct for the endogeneity of food environments (i.e., that individuals self-select into neighborhoods and may consider food availability in their decision). Our results suggest that the presence of a food swamp is a stronger predictor of obesity rates than the absence of full-service grocery stores. We found, even after controlling for food desert effects, food swamps have a positive, statistically significant effect on adult obesity rates. All three food swamp measures indicated the same positive association, but reflected different magnitudes of the food swamp effect on rates of adult obesity (
values ranged from 0.00 to 0.16). Our adjustment for reverse causality, using an IV approach, revealed a stronger effect of food swamps than would have been obtained by naïve ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates. The food swamp effect was stronger in counties with greater income inequality (
< 0.05) and where residents are less mobile (
< 0.01). Based on these findings, local government policies such as zoning laws simultaneously restricting access to unhealthy food outlets and incentivizing healthy food retailers to locate in underserved neighborhoods warrant consideration as strategies to increase health equity. This paper investigates the effect of food environments, characterized as food swamps, on adult obesity rates. Food swamps have been described as areas with a high-density of establishments selling high-calorie fast food and junk food, relative to healthier food options. This study examines multiple ways of categorizing food environments as food swamps and food deserts, including alternate versions of the Retail Food Environment Index. We merged food outlet, sociodemographic and obesity data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Environment Atlas, the American Community Survey, and a commercial street reference dataset. We employed an instrumental variables (IV) strategy to correct for the endogeneity of food environments (i.e., that individuals self-select into neighborhoods and may consider food availability in their decision). Our results suggest that the presence of a food swamp is a stronger predictor of obesity rates than the absence of full-service grocery stores. We found, even after controlling for food desert effects, food swamps have a positive, statistically significant effect on adult obesity rates. All three food swamp measures indicated the same positive association, but reflected different magnitudes of the food swamp effect on rates of adult obesity (p values ranged from 0.00 to 0.16). Our adjustment for reverse causality, using an IV approach, revealed a stronger effect of food swamps than would have been obtained by naïve ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates. The food swamp effect was stronger in counties with greater income inequality (p < 0.05) and where residents are less mobile (p < 0.01). Based on these findings, local government policies such as zoning laws simultaneously restricting access to unhealthy food outlets and incentivizing healthy food retailers to locate in underserved neighborhoods warrant consideration as strategies to increase health equity. This paper investigates the effect of food environments, characterized as food swamps, on adult obesity rates. Food swamps have been described as areas with a high-density of establishments selling high-calorie fast food and junk food, relative to healthier food options. This study examines multiple ways of categorizing food environments as food swamps and food deserts, including alternate versions of the Retail Food Environment Index. We merged food outlet, sociodemographic and obesity data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Environment Atlas, the American Community Survey, and a commercial street reference dataset. We employed an instrumental variables (IV) strategy to correct for the endogeneity of food environments (i.e., that individuals self-select into neighborhoods and may consider food availability in their decision). Our results suggest that the presence of a food swamp is a stronger predictor of obesity rates than the absence of full-service grocery stores. We found, even after controlling for food desert effects, food swamps have a positive, statistically significant effect on adult obesity rates. All three food swamp measures indicated the same positive association, but reflected different magnitudes of the food swamp effect on rates of adult obesity (p values ranged from 0.00 to 0.16). Our adjustment for reverse causality, using an IV approach, revealed a stronger effect of food swamps than would have been obtained by naïve ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates. The food swamp effect was stronger in counties with greater income inequality (p < 0.05) and where residents are less mobile (p < 0.01). Based on these findings, local government policies such as zoning laws simultaneously restricting access to unhealthy food outlets and incentivizing healthy food retailers to locate in underserved neighborhoods warrant consideration as strategies to increase health equity.This paper investigates the effect of food environments, characterized as food swamps, on adult obesity rates. Food swamps have been described as areas with a high-density of establishments selling high-calorie fast food and junk food, relative to healthier food options. This study examines multiple ways of categorizing food environments as food swamps and food deserts, including alternate versions of the Retail Food Environment Index. We merged food outlet, sociodemographic and obesity data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Environment Atlas, the American Community Survey, and a commercial street reference dataset. We employed an instrumental variables (IV) strategy to correct for the endogeneity of food environments (i.e., that individuals self-select into neighborhoods and may consider food availability in their decision). Our results suggest that the presence of a food swamp is a stronger predictor of obesity rates than the absence of full-service grocery stores. We found, even after controlling for food desert effects, food swamps have a positive, statistically significant effect on adult obesity rates. All three food swamp measures indicated the same positive association, but reflected different magnitudes of the food swamp effect on rates of adult obesity (p values ranged from 0.00 to 0.16). Our adjustment for reverse causality, using an IV approach, revealed a stronger effect of food swamps than would have been obtained by naïve ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates. The food swamp effect was stronger in counties with greater income inequality (p < 0.05) and where residents are less mobile (p < 0.01). Based on these findings, local government policies such as zoning laws simultaneously restricting access to unhealthy food outlets and incentivizing healthy food retailers to locate in underserved neighborhoods warrant consideration as strategies to increase health equity. |
| Author | Schwartz, Marlene Cooksey-Stowers, Kristen Brownell, Kelly |
| AuthorAffiliation | 2 Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; kelly.brownell@duke.edu 1 Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06103, USA; marlene.schwartz@uconn.edu |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06103, USA; marlene.schwartz@uconn.edu – name: 2 Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; kelly.brownell@duke.edu |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Kristen surname: Cooksey-Stowers fullname: Cooksey-Stowers, Kristen – sequence: 2 givenname: Marlene surname: Schwartz fullname: Schwartz, Marlene – sequence: 3 givenname: Kelly surname: Brownell fullname: Brownell, Kelly |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29135909$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNp1kUtrWzEQRkVIqZO02yyLoJtsnGh0n9oUmncg4NI6a6Erza1lriVXkhPy7yPnhWPoSgKd7_BpZp_sOu-QkENgx0Uh2ImdY1jOoASAoq53yB7UNRuXNYPdjfuI7Mc4Z6xoy1p8JiMuoKgEE3tkcum9oX8e1GIZ6a-AxupEJx1Gmx7pb5Uw0lNMCQOdzpSjz_Q5RgwpUutomiG9czZhdqQ1_YV86tUQ8evreUDuLi-mZ9fj28nVzdnP27Eu2zKNVdUxzhAahablNXSVFmA004USrOKodYON6pErZXoD0EFjjOpbjb2oTIfFAfnx4l2uugUajS4FNchlsAsVHqVXVn58cXYm__p7WTWsZazKgqNXQfD_VhiTXNiocRiUQ7-KEkRdNoxzaDL6fQud-1Vw-XuZatY2zkWmvm02eq_yNusMlC-ADj7GgL3UNs_M-nVBO0hgcr1S-XGlOXa8FXsz_yfwBOndpYM |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2022_52055 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12913_022_08587_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jand_2024_08_005 crossref_primary_10_1017_S136898002000110X crossref_primary_10_1097_01_NURSE_0000559929_22685_a5 crossref_primary_10_3389_frsc_2022_896313 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40471_018_0160_1 crossref_primary_10_1177_00178969251315160 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0954422422000014 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gassur_2024_01_012 crossref_primary_10_1007_s44187_022_00020_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthpol_2020_12_001 crossref_primary_10_1177_00333549231154570 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2023_103089 crossref_primary_10_1080_00330124_2024_2306642 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_021_10489_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_semcancer_2023_03_003 crossref_primary_10_1089_chi_2024_0283 crossref_primary_10_1097_PHH_0000000000001013 crossref_primary_10_3390_nu13061934 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jss_2025_03_004 crossref_primary_10_1111_cns_14895 crossref_primary_10_1080_15228835_2023_2292084 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10433_021_00659_x crossref_primary_10_1177_10780874211040407 crossref_primary_10_3390_nu15061317 crossref_primary_10_1080_13549839_2019_1585771 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_appdev_2023_101627 crossref_primary_10_1080_13548506_2019_1653484 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pmed_1002968 crossref_primary_10_18865_ed_33_4_170 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40615_023_01766_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apgeog_2025_103748 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0021932024000087 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11764_024_01722_z crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajogmf_2021_100378 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apgeog_2024_103204 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2021_102564 crossref_primary_10_5435_JAAOS_D_21_00424 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2024_103356 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apgeog_2021_102415 crossref_primary_10_1017_age_2021_23 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jneb_2025_02_014 crossref_primary_10_1097_PHH_0000000000001104 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0292341 crossref_primary_10_1017_S1368980020002104 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13679_019_00358_w crossref_primary_10_1177_1090198121998287 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph21010046 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph21070906 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apgeog_2023_103084 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19158960 crossref_primary_10_1161_JAHA_119_014433 crossref_primary_10_1017_S136898002200009X crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2025_e42247 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40615_019_00651_3 crossref_primary_10_1111_sdi_12697 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph192214631 crossref_primary_10_1017_S1368980023001179 crossref_primary_10_1136_heartjnl_2019_316252 crossref_primary_10_1017_S1368980021003165 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18126484 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_schres_2025_06_023 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph192113854 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ajogmf_2020_100204 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodpol_2020_102015 crossref_primary_10_14797_mdcvj_1509 crossref_primary_10_17269_s41997_023_00798_x crossref_primary_10_1136_bmj_2023_075354 crossref_primary_10_3390_cancers14205116 crossref_primary_10_1093_cdn_nzaa114 crossref_primary_10_3390_bs15081007 crossref_primary_10_1080_08959420_2023_2255492 crossref_primary_10_1080_19320248_2020_1804032 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph182212059 crossref_primary_10_1161_JAHA_118_010586 crossref_primary_10_1080_10911359_2024_2355141 crossref_primary_10_1111_jhn_13137 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_numecd_2022_03_005 crossref_primary_10_1590_1413_81232022277_17772021 crossref_primary_10_1177_20515707241269809 crossref_primary_10_1177_00221465221074915 crossref_primary_10_1093_heapro_daab021 crossref_primary_10_1161_CIR_0000000000001072 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11883_023_01097_z crossref_primary_10_1016_j_acap_2020_03_012 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2025_118371 crossref_primary_10_1093_ckj_sfac267 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_nutr_092021_050805 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2024_103257 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jth_2022_101516 crossref_primary_10_1017_S1368980021003943 crossref_primary_10_1111_phn_12839 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph192315941 crossref_primary_10_1159_000505149 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_obpill_2022_100034 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pop_2023_05_006 crossref_primary_10_3389_fsufs_2024_1366878 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0276517 crossref_primary_10_5304_jafscd_2021_102_048 crossref_primary_10_1177_27551938241238677 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0301121 crossref_primary_10_31189_2165_6193_10_2_51 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph15040755 crossref_primary_10_1080_19320248_2021_1971136 crossref_primary_10_1111_joim_13270 crossref_primary_10_2105_AJPH_2018_304691 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_soard_2020_07_027 crossref_primary_10_1542_peds_2023_063916 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph17103359 crossref_primary_10_1177_07673701241247629 crossref_primary_10_1002_ijc_32725 crossref_primary_10_1128_msystems_00717_23 crossref_primary_10_1155_2023_5052613 crossref_primary_10_1590_1413_81232025304_08472023 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_023_15953_9 crossref_primary_10_3390_nu10121974 crossref_primary_10_1108_BFJ_11_2021_1188 crossref_primary_10_1093_jamia_ocad096 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19042455 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2023_995529 crossref_primary_10_1002_wjs_12316 crossref_primary_10_3390_journalmedia2030030 crossref_primary_10_5304_jafscd_2024_133_027 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11605_023_05879_3 crossref_primary_10_3390_su14105961 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13679_024_00578_9 crossref_primary_10_1080_19320248_2024_2412561 crossref_primary_10_1177_14695405241290917 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jebo_2021_05_037 crossref_primary_10_1093_ptj_pzab062 crossref_primary_10_1177_03795721211033146 crossref_primary_10_3390_su15108226 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_024_20976_x crossref_primary_10_1080_19320248_2020_1835773 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gfs_2025_100877 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph17207591 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph17197143 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph21040412 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_025_21909_y crossref_primary_10_1590_1413_81232022272_38562020 crossref_primary_10_1080_07352166_2023_2276778 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_urology_2021_11_010 crossref_primary_10_1177_26350106211004887 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2020_102491 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0285377 crossref_primary_10_1111_josh_13351 crossref_primary_10_14423_SMJ_0000000000001342 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2022_08_008 crossref_primary_10_1111_1746_692X_12322 crossref_primary_10_55533_2325_5226_1438 crossref_primary_10_1080_24694452_2020_1775544 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19159577 crossref_primary_10_1097_SAP_0000000000004210 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodpol_2022_102375 crossref_primary_10_5304_jafscd_2025_143_026 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_022_12948_w crossref_primary_10_3389_fonc_2024_1343070 crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare10081424 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jneb_2024_12_011 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19159447 crossref_primary_10_1093_socpro_spaf045 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jand_2022_07_016 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41746_023_00949_x crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph191811220 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11606_025_09579_3 crossref_primary_10_1017_cts_2019_447 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph15071392 crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare9111442 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jneb_2024_12_009 crossref_primary_10_2106_JBJS_CC_23_00671 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0289282 crossref_primary_10_3390_foods13132013 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13668_022_00393_5 crossref_primary_10_3390_su15118480 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph182212251 crossref_primary_10_1017_S1368980023000058 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11524_022_00616_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apnu_2020_10_011 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cdnut_2025_104572 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ypsc_2024_05_015 crossref_primary_10_1177_0890117120934610 crossref_primary_10_1089_chi_2021_0274 crossref_primary_10_3390_cancers17050857 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjdrc_2022_003033 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19126986 crossref_primary_10_1080_09637486_2023_2262781 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_024_46425_2 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcomm_2021_690149 crossref_primary_10_3390_foods11070901 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2022_1052957 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0954422422000099 crossref_primary_10_3390_nu12113521 crossref_primary_10_1002_pits_22497 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_soard_2021_12_007 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2018_11_013 crossref_primary_10_3233_JRS_227007 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_appet_2021_105429 crossref_primary_10_1177_27541223221111500 crossref_primary_10_1177_15248399241240431 crossref_primary_10_1097_NT_0000000000000673 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph191710798 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph16173211 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12942_022_00314_3 crossref_primary_10_1590_1413_81232023281_14432021 crossref_primary_10_1111_jan_70022 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10661_025_13689_0 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41996_023_00113_3 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12571_022_01303_x crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_024_19671_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodpol_2023_102476 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_023_14990_8 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_appet_2022_106120 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jacc_2024_04_028 crossref_primary_10_1177_10443894241265522 crossref_primary_10_1200_OA_24_00005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_appet_2023_107034 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41575_024_00938_9 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph16050861 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph17113910 crossref_primary_10_1212_WNL_0000000000012037 crossref_primary_10_2196_19697 crossref_primary_10_3390_nu13114132 crossref_primary_10_1177_15598276241268316 crossref_primary_10_1002_osp4_537 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11920_019_1084_2 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_resource_101620_080307 crossref_primary_10_2196_19586 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11245_020_09721_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pcad_2023_04_011 crossref_primary_10_1080_23754931_2021_1943499 crossref_primary_10_1093_tbm_ibz095 crossref_primary_10_2147_VHRM_S379874 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph17238818 crossref_primary_10_1002_oby_22806 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10460_022_10403_5 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_soc_031021_112747 crossref_primary_10_3390_su141911852 crossref_primary_10_1111_josh_12985 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2022_114879 crossref_primary_10_1080_19320248_2023_2291049 crossref_primary_10_1093_tbm_ibad030 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envres_2023_117524 crossref_primary_10_1080_08964289_2020_1763903 crossref_primary_10_1017_S1368980021001828 crossref_primary_10_1093_advances_nmab138 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40615_023_01699_y crossref_primary_10_1038_s43016_020_0081_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_appet_2020_104826 crossref_primary_10_1111_cag_12570 crossref_primary_10_1177_08901171231155050 crossref_primary_10_1007_s44187_023_00048_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodpol_2019_101747 crossref_primary_10_1108_BFJ_04_2021_0423 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_15770 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_nutr_110420_111710 crossref_primary_10_1080_15528014_2019_1638123 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_urology_2021_08_037 crossref_primary_10_1002_jpn3_12463 crossref_primary_10_1017_S1368980018002720 crossref_primary_10_1093_ajcn_nqz158 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jand_2024_03_012 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_focus_2024_100293 crossref_primary_10_1093_cdn_nzab062 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_puhe_2020_06_041 crossref_primary_10_1177_0898264320984357 crossref_primary_10_1590_0102_311x00205120 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18126502 crossref_primary_10_1177_15598276251375455 crossref_primary_10_1177_00222437211023475 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph22081240 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41562_023_01524_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ypmed_2022_107040 crossref_primary_10_1093_ajcn_nqab315 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envint_2024_108427 crossref_primary_10_1146_annurev_publhealth_101322_031206 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19116393 crossref_primary_10_1080_19320248_2025_2462052 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19106238 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13679_021_00449_7 crossref_primary_10_1111_1475_6773_13102 crossref_primary_10_1001_jamapediatrics_2022_1150 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_annepidem_2024_04_008 crossref_primary_10_1093_cdn_nzaa081 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cgh_2024_08_053 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpubh_2020_00406 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_gtc_2023_02_003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2020_102324 crossref_primary_10_1002_ohn_969 crossref_primary_10_17645_up_9489 crossref_primary_10_34067_KID_0000032019 crossref_primary_10_1080_23748834_2024_2442124 crossref_primary_10_1515_jafio_2019_0035 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph20010649 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_024_18655_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jneb_2025_06_015 crossref_primary_10_1111_josh_13092 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10460_023_10503_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jneb_2025_06_014 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnut_2024_1380056 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_foodpol_2020_101985 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tjnut_2023_09_027 crossref_primary_10_1080_24694452_2021_1977109 crossref_primary_10_1590_1413_81232022277_17772021en crossref_primary_10_3390_su10124425 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12939_021_01501_7 crossref_primary_10_2196_16429 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40615_021_01074_9 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0292178 crossref_primary_10_2196_12501 crossref_primary_10_1080_23754931_2024_2436357 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph19126956 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_geoforum_2021_04_021 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41996_025_00178_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_appet_2019_104503 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnut_2025_1619237 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11524_023_00742_x crossref_primary_10_1016_S0140_6736_24_01548_4 crossref_primary_10_5888_pcd17_200029 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jand_2020_12_019 crossref_primary_10_1093_tbm_ibaa111 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph17186676 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_annepidem_2021_05_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_plantsci_2023_111903 crossref_primary_10_1590_0102_311xen030223 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_tifs_2022_07_015 crossref_primary_10_1111_jhn_12615 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apgeog_2022_102717 crossref_primary_10_1177_05694345231166410 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_apgeog_2025_103709 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2024_103315 crossref_primary_10_1002_oby_22603 crossref_primary_10_3390_app14156677 crossref_primary_10_5304_jafscd_2021_103_005 crossref_primary_10_1002_fft2_103 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11524_025_00999_4 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41575_024_00959_4 crossref_primary_10_1002_aepp_13529 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10389_021_01669_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ypmed_2023_107536 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnut_2024_1369240 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jth_2024_101939 crossref_primary_10_1002_osp4_563 crossref_primary_10_1186_s41043_025_00972_6 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10900_018_0498_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2018_04_011 crossref_primary_10_3389_fcvm_2021_761488 crossref_primary_10_3390_socsci8060182 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_socscimed_2020_112858 crossref_primary_10_3917_bupsy_567_0213 crossref_primary_10_1177_00469580211067498 crossref_primary_10_1590_0102_311x00119618 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18052675 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13668_021_00378_w crossref_primary_10_1017_S0029665123004871 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_022_14387_z crossref_primary_10_1212_WNL_0000000000213979 crossref_primary_10_1093_heapro_daae201 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph18179334 crossref_primary_10_1093_nutrit_nuz110 crossref_primary_10_1111_cico_12475 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13679_020_00413_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_hrtlng_2024_08_019 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph17041321 crossref_primary_10_3390_cancers14194932 crossref_primary_10_3998_ujph_2315 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph192315754 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_appet_2024_107358 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_34993 crossref_primary_10_2147_JHL_S389429 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40615_024_02210_x crossref_primary_10_3390_nu12040885 crossref_primary_10_4000_vertigo_37038 crossref_primary_10_5993_AJHB_46_5_3 crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2024_15731 crossref_primary_10_1542_peds_2019_0824 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jneb_2023_02_004 crossref_primary_10_1053_j_jrn_2023_06_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2023_03_003 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0667 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.08.011 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.009 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0512 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2003.10.003 10.1016/j.ehb.2013.05.001 10.1186/1471-2458-9-192 10.2139/ssrn.2199553 10.1017/S1368980015000282 10.1007/s13679-014-0120-0 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.11.003 10.4278/0890-1171-19.2.137 10.2105/AJPH.2004.058040 10.1353/hpu.2013.0097 10.1080/01947640902936571 10.1089/env.2011.0037 10.1016/j.jue.2010.09.005 10.1007/s13679-012-0022-y 10.1186/1479-5868-3-2 10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70224-8 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.013 10.5888/pcd10.130196 10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.08.014 10.3945/an.114.007070 10.1016/j.jada.2011.01.010 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61744-X 10.1017/S1368980017000738 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.07.005 10.2105/AJPH.92.11.1761 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.053 10.1002/oby.20502 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00715.x 10.1186/1471-2458-11-543 10.2105/AJPH.2004.042150 10.1002/hec.2863 10.1186/s12942-015-0030-8 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.283 10.1007/s12160-009-9120-9 10.2471/BLT.13.120287 10.3386/w14721 10.1093/ajae/aaq041 10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.07.003 10.1257/app.3.1.152 10.1093/ije/dyx070 10.1017/S1368980016002123 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright MDPI AG 2017 2017 by the authors. 2017 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright MDPI AG 2017 – notice: 2017 by the authors. 2017 |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 3V. 7X7 7XB 88E 8C1 8FI 8FJ 8FK ABUWG AFKRA AZQEC BENPR CCPQU DWQXO FYUFA GHDGH K9. M0S M1P PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS 7X8 5PM |
| DOI | 10.3390/ijerph14111366 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed ProQuest Central (Corporate) Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) Public Health Database ProQuest Hospital Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central Korea Proquest Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Collection Medical Database ProQuest ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic (New) Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Health Research Premium Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Korea Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) ProQuest Public Health ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest Medical Library ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE CrossRef Publicly Available Content Database MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: PIMPY name: Publicly Available Content Database url: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Public Health |
| EISSN | 1660-4601 |
| ExternalDocumentID | PMC5708005 29135909 10_3390_ijerph14111366 |
| Genre | Journal Article |
| GeographicLocations | United States United States--US |
| GeographicLocations_xml | – name: United States – name: United States--US |
| GroupedDBID | --- 29J 2WC 53G 5GY 5VS 7X7 7XC 88E 8C1 8FE 8FG 8FH 8FI 8FJ 8R4 8R5 A8Z AADQD AAFWJ AAHBH AAYXX ABGAM ABUWG ACGFO ACGOD ACIWK ADBBV ADRAZ AENEX AFFHD AFKRA AFRAH AFZYC AHMBA ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AOIJS BAWUL BCNDV BENPR BPHCQ BVXVI CCPQU CITATION CS3 DIK DU5 E3Z EBD EBS EJD EMB EMOBN F5P FYUFA GX1 HH5 HMCUK HYE IPNFZ KQ8 L6V M1P M48 MODMG O5R O5S OK1 OVT P2P PGMZT PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PJZUB PPXIY PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO Q2X RIG RNS RPM SV3 TR2 UKHRP XSB 3V. ABJCF ALIPV ATCPS AZQEC BHPHI CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF GROUPED_DOAJ HCIFZ M2P M7S M~E NPM PATMY PYCSY 7XB 8FK DWQXO K9. PKEHL PQEST PQUKI PRINS 7X8 ESTFP PUEGO 5PM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c484t-a5b020e17aed8261b5c91dc0c3a9052ecc7e7afe2aadfd11b17ddaf8cef95dbe3 |
| IEDL.DBID | 7X7 |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 421 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000416545200082&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 1660-4601 1661-7827 |
| IngestDate | Tue Nov 04 01:46:52 EST 2025 Thu Oct 02 11:15:43 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 14:50:10 EST 2025 Wed Feb 19 02:06:55 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 07:14:41 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:38:43 EST 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 11 |
| Keywords | instrumental variables fast food retail zoning food deserts food environments food swamps obesity |
| Language | English |
| License | Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c484t-a5b020e17aed8261b5c91dc0c3a9052ecc7e7afe2aadfd11b17ddaf8cef95dbe3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://www.proquest.com/docview/1978005229?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication% |
| PMID | 29135909 |
| PQID | 1978005229 |
| PQPubID | 54923 |
| ParticipantIDs | pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_5708005 proquest_miscellaneous_1964702217 proquest_journals_1978005229 pubmed_primary_29135909 crossref_citationtrail_10_3390_ijerph14111366 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijerph14111366 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2017-11-14 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2017-11-14 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 11 year: 2017 text: 2017-11-14 day: 14 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | Switzerland |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Switzerland – name: Basel |
| PublicationTitle | International journal of environmental research and public health |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Int J Environ Res Public Health |
| PublicationYear | 2017 |
| Publisher | MDPI AG MDPI |
| Publisher_xml | – name: MDPI AG – name: MDPI |
| References | Walker (ref_11) 2010; 16 Chou (ref_32) 2004; 23 Morland (ref_10) 2002; 92 Hill (ref_3) 2000; 84 Fox (ref_57) 2013; 24 Hager (ref_21) 2017; 20 Frank (ref_53) 2007; 65 ref_19 Kelly (ref_47) 2011; 17 Steeves (ref_14) 2014; 3 Fleischhacker (ref_24) 2011; 12 Courtemanche (ref_49) 2011; 69 Zenk (ref_12) 2005; 95 (ref_25) 2014; 5 Fleischhacker (ref_55) 2013; 45 ref_23 Luan (ref_33) 2015; 14 Cremm (ref_35) 2017; 20 Cohen (ref_17) 2014; 47 Roberto (ref_58) 2015; 385 Slack (ref_4) 2014; 22 Cummins (ref_16) 2014; 33 Jilcott (ref_50) 2011; 111 Creighton (ref_56) 2009; 30 Mayo (ref_44) 2013; 10 Dunn (ref_26) 2010; 92 ref_36 Alviola (ref_41) 2014; 12 ref_34 Block (ref_20) 2004; 27 ref_31 ref_30 Wilde (ref_9) 2012; 1 Larson (ref_7) 2009; 38 ref_39 ref_38 Rossen (ref_54) 2012; 5 Kiefe (ref_40) 2011; 171 Dubowitz (ref_15) 2015; 34 Elbel (ref_18) 2015; 18 Anderson (ref_28) 2011; 3 Moore (ref_13) 2006; 96 Morland (ref_6) 2006; 30 Maddock (ref_42) 2004; 19 ref_46 Kouvonen (ref_52) 2014; 92 ref_45 ref_43 ref_1 ref_2 Jeffery (ref_37) 2006; 3 ref_48 Kwate (ref_51) 2009; 15 ref_8 Dunn (ref_27) 2012; 10 ref_5 Richardson (ref_22) 2014; 30 Chen (ref_29) 2013; 22 |
| References_xml | – volume: 34 start-page: 1858 year: 2015 ident: ref_15 article-title: Diet and perceptions change with supermarket introduction in a food desert, but not because of supermarket use publication-title: Health Aff. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0667 – volume: 30 start-page: 145 year: 2014 ident: ref_22 article-title: Neighborhood socioeconomic status and food environment: A 20-year longitudinal latent class analysis among cardia participants publication-title: Health Place doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.08.011 – volume: 45 start-page: 462 year: 2013 ident: ref_55 article-title: Validity of secondary retail food outlet data: A systematic review publication-title: Am. J. Prev. Med. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.009 – volume: 33 start-page: 283 year: 2014 ident: ref_16 article-title: New Neighborhood Grocery Store Increased Awareness of Food Access But Did Not Alter Dietary Habits or Obesity publication-title: Health Aff. (Proj. Hope) doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0512 – volume: 23 start-page: 565 year: 2004 ident: ref_32 article-title: An economic analysis of adult obesity: Results from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System publication-title: J. Health Econ. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2003.10.003 – ident: ref_5 – volume: 12 start-page: 110 year: 2014 ident: ref_41 article-title: The effect of fast-food restaurants on childhood obesity: A school level analysis publication-title: Econ. Hum. Biol. doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2013.05.001 – ident: ref_39 doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-192 – ident: ref_48 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2199553 – volume: 18 start-page: 2881 year: 2015 ident: ref_18 article-title: Assessment of a government-subsidized supermarket in a high-need area on household food availability and children’s dietary intakes publication-title: Public Health Nutr. doi: 10.1017/S1368980015000282 – volume: 3 start-page: 451 year: 2014 ident: ref_14 article-title: Changing the food environment for obesity prevention: Key gaps and future directions publication-title: Curr. Obes. Rep. doi: 10.1007/s13679-014-0120-0 – volume: 30 start-page: 333 year: 2006 ident: ref_6 article-title: Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study publication-title: Am. J. Prev. Med. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.11.003 – ident: ref_1 – volume: 19 start-page: 137 year: 2004 ident: ref_42 article-title: The relationship between obesity and the prevalence of fast food restaurants: State-level analysis publication-title: Am. J. Health Promot. doi: 10.4278/0890-1171-19.2.137 – ident: ref_23 – volume: 96 start-page: 325 year: 2006 ident: ref_13 article-title: Associations of neighborhood characteristics with the location and type of food stores publication-title: Am. J. Public Health doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.058040 – volume: 24 start-page: 168 year: 2013 ident: ref_57 article-title: Best Practices in Policy Approaches to Obesity Prevention publication-title: J. Health Care Poor Underserved doi: 10.1353/hpu.2013.0097 – volume: 30 start-page: 249 year: 2009 ident: ref_56 article-title: Cheeseburgers, race, and paternalism: Los Angeles' ban on fast food restaurants publication-title: J. Legal Med. doi: 10.1080/01947640902936571 – ident: ref_8 – volume: 5 start-page: 119 year: 2012 ident: ref_54 article-title: Making the connection between zoning and health disparities publication-title: Environ. Justice doi: 10.1089/env.2011.0037 – volume: 69 start-page: 165 year: 2011 ident: ref_49 article-title: Supersizing supercenters? The impact of walmart supercenters on body mass index and obesity publication-title: J. Urban Econ. doi: 10.1016/j.jue.2010.09.005 – volume: 1 start-page: 123 year: 2012 ident: ref_9 article-title: Household food expenditures and obesity risk publication-title: Curr. Obes. Rep. doi: 10.1007/s13679-012-0022-y – volume: 3 start-page: 2 year: 2006 ident: ref_37 article-title: Are fast food restaurants an environmental risk factor for obesity? publication-title: Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-3-2 – volume: 84 start-page: 333 year: 2000 ident: ref_3 article-title: Genetic and environmental contributions to obesity publication-title: Med. Clin. N. Am. doi: 10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70224-8 – volume: 16 start-page: 876 year: 2010 ident: ref_11 article-title: Disparities and access to healthy food in the United States: A review of food deserts literature publication-title: Health Place doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.04.013 – volume: 10 start-page: E203 year: 2013 ident: ref_44 article-title: Peer reviewed: Associations between county and municipality zoning ordinances and access to fruit and vegetable outlets in Rural North Carolina, 2012 publication-title: Prev. Chronic Dis. doi: 10.5888/pcd10.130196 – ident: ref_38 – ident: ref_45 – volume: 17 start-page: 1284 year: 2011 ident: ref_47 article-title: Measuring local food environments: An overview of available methods and measures publication-title: Health Place doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.08.014 – volume: 5 start-page: 809 year: 2014 ident: ref_25 article-title: Food availability/convenience and obesity publication-title: Adv. Nutr. Int. Rev. J. doi: 10.3945/an.114.007070 – volume: 111 start-page: 567 year: 2011 ident: ref_50 article-title: Examining Associations among Obesity and Per Capita Farmers’ Markets, Grocery Stores/Supermarkets, and Supercenters in U.S. Counties publication-title: J. Am. Diet. Assoc. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.01.010 – ident: ref_34 – volume: 385 start-page: 2400 year: 2015 ident: ref_58 article-title: Patchy progress on obesity prevention: Emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking publication-title: Lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61744-X – volume: 20 start-page: 1941 year: 2017 ident: ref_35 article-title: How Latina mothers navigate a ‘food swamp’to feed their children: A photovoice approach publication-title: Public Health Nutr. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017000738 – volume: 47 start-page: 587 year: 2014 ident: ref_17 article-title: Distance to store, food prices, and obesity in urban food deserts publication-title: Am. J. Prev. Med. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.07.005 – volume: 92 start-page: 1761 year: 2002 ident: ref_10 article-title: The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents’ diets: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study publication-title: Am. J. Public Health doi: 10.2105/AJPH.92.11.1761 – volume: 65 start-page: 1898 year: 2007 ident: ref_53 article-title: Stepping towards causation: Do built environments or neighborhood and travel preferences explain physical activity, driving, and obesity? publication-title: Soc. Sci. Med. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.053 – volume: 22 start-page: 868 year: 2014 ident: ref_4 article-title: The geographic concentration of U.S. adult obesity prevalence and associated social, economic, and environmental factors publication-title: Obesity doi: 10.1002/oby.20502 – volume: 12 start-page: e460 year: 2011 ident: ref_24 article-title: A systematic review of fast food access studies publication-title: Obes. Rev. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00715.x – ident: ref_36 doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-543 – volume: 95 start-page: 660 year: 2005 ident: ref_12 article-title: Neighborhood racial composition, neighborhood poverty, and the spatial accessibility of supermarkets in Metropolitan Detroit publication-title: Am. J. Public Health doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.042150 – volume: 22 start-page: 835 year: 2013 ident: ref_29 article-title: Obesity and fast food in urban markets: A new approach using geo-referenced micro data publication-title: Health Econ. doi: 10.1002/hec.2863 – volume: 14 start-page: 37 year: 2015 ident: ref_33 article-title: Identifying food deserts and swamps based on relative healthy food access: A spatio-temporal Bayesian approach publication-title: Int. J. Health Geogr. doi: 10.1186/s12942-015-0030-8 – volume: 171 start-page: 1162 year: 2011 ident: ref_40 article-title: Fast food restaurants and food stores: Longitudinal associations with diet in young to middle-aged adults: The CARDIA study publication-title: Arch. Intern. Med. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.283 – volume: 38 start-page: 56 year: 2009 ident: ref_7 article-title: A review of environmental influences on food choices publication-title: Ann. Behav. Med. doi: 10.1007/s12160-009-9120-9 – volume: 92 start-page: 99 year: 2014 ident: ref_52 article-title: The influence of market deregulation on fast food consumption and body mass index: A cross-national time series analysis publication-title: Bull. World Health Organ. doi: 10.2471/BLT.13.120287 – ident: ref_2 – ident: ref_46 – ident: ref_31 doi: 10.3386/w14721 – volume: 92 start-page: 1149 year: 2010 ident: ref_26 article-title: The effect of fast-food availability on obesity: An analysis by gender, race, and residential location publication-title: Am. J. Agric. Econ. doi: 10.1093/ajae/aaq041 – volume: 15 start-page: 364 year: 2009 ident: ref_51 article-title: Inequality in obesigenic environments: Fast food density in New York City publication-title: Health Place doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.07.003 – ident: ref_19 – volume: 27 start-page: 211 year: 2004 ident: ref_20 article-title: Fast food, race/ethnicity, and income: A geographic analysis publication-title: Am. J. Prev. Med. – ident: ref_43 – volume: 3 start-page: 152 year: 2011 ident: ref_28 article-title: Are restaurants really supersizing America? publication-title: Am. Econ. J. Appl. Econ. doi: 10.1257/app.3.1.152 – ident: ref_30 doi: 10.1093/ije/dyx070 – volume: 20 start-page: 2598 year: 2017 ident: ref_21 article-title: Food swamps and food deserts in Baltimore City, MD, USA: Associations with dietary behaviours among urban adolescent girls publication-title: Public Health Nutr. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016002123 – volume: 10 start-page: 1 year: 2012 ident: ref_27 article-title: The effect of fast-food availability on fast-food consumption and obesity among rural residents: An analysis by race/ethnicity publication-title: Econ. Hum. Biol. |
| SSID | ssj0038469 |
| Score | 2.6313477 |
| Snippet | This paper investigates the effect of food environments, characterized as food swamps, on adult obesity rates. Food swamps have been described as areas with a... |
| SourceID | pubmedcentral proquest pubmed crossref |
| SourceType | Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source |
| StartPage | 1366 |
| SubjectTerms | Diet, Healthy Environment Fast Foods Food deserts Food Supply - statistics & numerical data Grocery stores Humans Income Low income groups Minority & ethnic groups Obesity Obesity - epidemiology Residence Characteristics - statistics & numerical data Supermarkets United States - epidemiology |
| Title | Food Swamps Predict Obesity Rates Better Than Food Deserts in the United States |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29135909 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1978005229 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1964702217 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC5708005 |
| Volume | 14 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000416545200082&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Health & Medical Collection customDbUrl: eissn: 1660-4601 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0038469 issn: 1660-4601 databaseCode: 7X7 dateStart: 20090101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/healthcomplete providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central customDbUrl: eissn: 1660-4601 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0038469 issn: 1660-4601 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20090101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Public Health Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1660-4601 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0038469 issn: 1660-4601 databaseCode: 8C1 dateStart: 20090101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/publichealth providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Publicly Available Content Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1660-4601 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0038469 issn: 1660-4601 databaseCode: PIMPY dateStart: 20090101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent providerName: ProQuest |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1Lb9QwEB5BywGpojzL0lIZCYlT1HgTr-0TaquuQIIlKkVaTpFfURdBsmxS-PvMJNm0C4ILF-fgiWJnxp5v_PgG4KXihfOh0JGIjYzSQlscc2ISOR2Pi9TaJKTtReF3cjZT87nO-gW3uj9WuZ4T24naV47WyI84UeXEiBb06-X3iLJG0e5qn0LjNmxT2myyczkfAq4EfSvBX44-KEJPKDvSxgTD_KPFl4D94CllWm8ZEm84pT-Q5u8HJm94oOnu_7b9PtzrsSc77ozlAdwK5UPY6RbuWHcf6RF8mFaVZx9_mm_LmmUr2sdpWJ8-gJ0TMmUn7RUgdnFpStZKY_AaVk3NFiVDPMk6HMs6HPsYPk3PLk7fRH3WhcilKm0iIyxCyMClCR5jD26F09y72CVGYx9Q5TJIU4SxMb7wnFsuvTeFcqhx4W1InsBWWZXhKTA3UURZJpRHoBZ7YQNPVGyMdcoXJgkjiNa_PXc9JTllxviaY2hCaso31TSCV4P8siPj-KvkwVoTeT8o6_xaDSN4MVTjcKI9ElOG6opkJqlEXMPlCPY6pQ-fGmueCB3j23LDHAYBourerCkXly1lt5CEzMWzfzdrH-6OCTXQKcP0ALaa1VV4Dnfcj2ZRrw5b225LhaU65YewfXI2y87xmb19n33-BcEsCpM |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9QwEB6VLRJIiDdloYCRQJyixkm8jg8I8Vp11e2ygkVqT8GxHXUrSJZNSsWf4jcyk8fSBcGtB86ZOLFnPPP5Md8APIl5ZqzLlCd8Lb0oUynOOTHwjPKDLErT0EV1ovBYTibxwYGabsCPLheGrlV2PrF21LYwtEe-w4kqx0e0oF4svnpUNYpOV7sSGo1Z7Lnvp7hkK5-P3qB-nwbB8O3s9a7XVhXwTBRHladFihDJcamdRWzNU2EUt8Y3oVbYPnZJOqkzF2htM8t5yqW1OosN9kjY1IXY7gXYjMjYe7A5He1PDzvfH2I0J8DNMep5GHtlQxMZhsrfmR87HDkeUW33mpPxTBj8A9v-fkXzTMwbXvvfRus6XG3RNXvZTIcbsOHym3Cl2ZpkTcbVLXg3LArLPpzqL4uSTZd0UlWxtkACe0_Ym72qk5zY7EjnrJbG5blbViWb5wwRM2uQOmuQ-m34eC59ugO9vMjdXWBmEBMpm4gtQlHfitTxMPa1Tk1sMx26PnidmhPTkq5T7Y_PCS6-yCySdbPow7OV_KKhG_mr5Han-aR1O2XyS-19eLx6jA6DToF07ooTkhlEEpEbl33Yaoxs9alA8VAoH9-Wa-a3EiAy8vUn-fyoJiUXktYe4t6_f-sRXNqd7Y-T8Wiydx8uB4SR6E5ltA29anniHsBF862al8uH7cxi8Om8zfMn7slprg |
| linkToPdf | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9QwEB6VLUKVEG_KQgEjgThFGyf2Oj4gBJQVq5YlgiKVU3BsR10EybJJqfhr_DrGcbJ0QXDrgXMmcWx_nvlszwPgYUILbWwhAx4qEbBC5rjm-DjQMowKluexZW2g8L6YzZLDQ5luwI8-Fsa5VfY6sVXUptLujHxEXaqcENmCHBWdW0S6O3m6-Bq4ClLuprUvp-Ehsme_n-D2rX4y3cW5fhRFk5cHL14FXYWBQLOENYHiOdIlS4WyBnk2zbmW1OhQx0piW9g9YYUqbKSUKQylORXGqCLR2Dtuchvjd8_BJlJyFg1gM52-Tj_0diBGy-7IN0ULGKAdFj5lZBzLcDT_ZHEUKXN13tv8jKdM4h8893d3zVP2b3L5fx65K3CpY93kmV8mV2HDltfgoj-yJD4S6zq8mVSVIe9O1JdFTdKlu8FqSFc4gbx1nJw8b4OfyMGRKkkrjdt2u2xqMi8JMmniGTzxDP4GvD-TPt2EQVmV9hYQPU5csjaeGKSooeG5pXESKpXrxBQqtkMI-inPdJeM3dUE-ZzhpsxBJFuHyBAer-QXPg3JXyV3ehRknTqqs18QGMKD1WNUJO52SJW2OnYyYyaQ0VExhG0PuFVTkaQxlyG-LdaguBJwScrXn5TzozZZORduT8Jv__u37sMFxGS2P53t3YGtyFEn52rJdmDQLI_tXTivvzXzenmvW2QEPp41On8Ce8Nybg |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Food+Swamps+Predict+Obesity+Rates+Better+Than+Food+Deserts+in+the+United+States&rft.jtitle=International+journal+of+environmental+research+and+public+health&rft.au=Cooksey-Stowers%2C+Kristen&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Marlene+B.&rft.au=Brownell%2C+Kelly+D.&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft.pub=MDPI&rft.issn=1661-7827&rft.eissn=1660-4601&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fijerph14111366&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29135909&rft.externalDocID=PMC5708005 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1660-4601&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1660-4601&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1660-4601&client=summon |