Effects of Non-Driving Related Task Modalities on Takeover Performance in Highly Automated Driving

Objective: Aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of different non-driving related tasks (NDR tasks) on takeover performance in highly automated driving. Background: During highly automated driving, it is allowed to engage in NDR tasks temporarily. However, drivers must be able to take over con...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Human factors Vol. 60; no. 6; pp. 870 - 881
Main Authors: Wandtner, Bernhard, Schömig, Nadja, Schmidt, Gerald
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Los Angeles, CA SAGE Publications 01.09.2018
Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
Subjects:
Automation
Performance degradation
Regulators
Short message service
Stability
Visual tasks
distraction
human-automation interaction
vehicle automation
multiple resource models
driver behavior
autonomous driving
ISSN:0018-7208, 1547-8181, 1547-8181
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Objective: Aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of different non-driving related tasks (NDR tasks) on takeover performance in highly automated driving. Background: During highly automated driving, it is allowed to engage in NDR tasks temporarily. However, drivers must be able to take over control when reaching a system limit. There is evidence that the type of NDR task has an impact on takeover performance, but little is known about the specific task characteristics that account for performance decrements. Method: Thirty participants drove in a simulator using a highly automated driving system. Each participant faced five critical takeover situations. Based on assumptions of Wickens’s multiple resource theory, stimulus and response modalities of a prototypical NDR task were systematically manipulated. Additionally, in one experimental group, the task was locked out simultaneously with the takeover request. Results: Task modalities had significant effects on several measures of takeover performance. A visual-manual texting task degraded performance the most, particularly when performed handheld. In contrast, takeover performance with an auditory-vocal task was comparable to a baseline without any task. Task lockout was associated with faster hands-on-wheel times but not altered brake response times. Conclusion: Results showed that NDR task modalities are relevant factors for takeover performance. An NDR task lockout was highly accepted by the drivers and showed moderate benefits for the first takeover reaction. Application: Knowledge about the impact of NDR task characteristics is an enabler for adaptive takeover concepts. In addition, it might help regulators to make decisions on allowed NDR tasks during automated driving.
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ISSN:0018-7208
1547-8181
1547-8181
DOI:10.1177/0018720818768199