Episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting and cigarette demand: an investigation of the good-subject effect
Episodic future thinking (EFT), an intervention involving mental simulation of future events, has been shown to reduce both delay discounting and cigarette self-administration. In the present study, we extended these findings by showing that EFT in a web-based sample of smokers reduces delay discoun...
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| Published in: | Journal of behavioral medicine Vol. 41; no. 2; pp. 269 - 276 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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New York
Springer US
01.04.2018
Springer Springer Nature B.V |
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| ISSN: | 0160-7715, 1573-3521, 1573-3521 |
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| Abstract | Episodic future thinking (EFT), an intervention involving mental simulation of future events, has been shown to reduce both delay discounting and cigarette self-administration. In the present study, we extended these findings by showing that EFT in a web-based sample of smokers reduces delay discounting and intensity of demand for cigarettes (ad libitum consumption) in a hypothetical purchase task. No effect was observed on elasticity of demand (sensitivity to price) or cigarette craving. We also explored whether demand characteristics (specifically, the “good-subject” effect) might be responsible for observed effects. EFT participants were significantly better able than control participants to discern the experimental hypothesis. However, EFT participants were not better than controls at identifying whether they had been assigned to the experimental group and, likewise, showed no differences in attitudes about the experiment and experimenter. Importantly, effects of EFT on delay discounting and demand remained significant even when controlling for measures of demand characteristics, indicating that EFT’s effects are independent of participants’ perceptions about the experiment. |
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| AbstractList | Episodic future thinking (EFT), an intervention involving mental simulation of future events, has been shown to reduce both delay discounting and cigarette self-administration. In the present study, we extended these findings by showing that EFT in a web-based sample of smokers reduces delay discounting and intensity of demand for cigarettes (ad libitum consumption) in a hypothetical purchase task. No effect was observed on elasticity of demand (sensitivity to price) or cigarette craving. We also explored whether demand characteristics (specifically, the "good-subject" effect) might be responsible for observed effects. EFT participants were significantly better able than control participants to discern the experimental hypothesis. However, EFT participants were not better than controls at identifying whether they had been assigned to the experimental group and, likewise, showed no differences in attitudes about the experiment and experimenter. Importantly, effects of EFT on delay discounting and demand remained significant even when controlling for measures of demand characteristics, indicating that EFT's effects are independent of participants' perceptions about the experiment. Episodic future thinking (EFT), an intervention involving mental simulation of future events, has been shown to reduce both delay discounting and cigarette self-administration. In the present study, we extended these findings by showing that EFT in a web-based sample of smokers reduces delay discounting and intensity of demand for cigarettes (ad libitum consumption) in a hypothetical purchase task. No effect was observed on elasticity of demand (sensitivity to price) or cigarette craving. We also explored whether demand characteristics (specifically, the "good-subject" effect) might be responsible for observed effects. EFT participants were significantly better able than control participants to discern the experimental hypothesis. However, EFT participants were not better than controls at identifying whether they had been assigned to the experimental group and, likewise, showed no differences in attitudes about the experiment and experimenter. Importantly, effects of EFT on delay discounting and demand remained significant even when controlling for measures of demand characteristics, indicating that EFT's effects are independent of participants' perceptions about the experiment.Episodic future thinking (EFT), an intervention involving mental simulation of future events, has been shown to reduce both delay discounting and cigarette self-administration. In the present study, we extended these findings by showing that EFT in a web-based sample of smokers reduces delay discounting and intensity of demand for cigarettes (ad libitum consumption) in a hypothetical purchase task. No effect was observed on elasticity of demand (sensitivity to price) or cigarette craving. We also explored whether demand characteristics (specifically, the "good-subject" effect) might be responsible for observed effects. EFT participants were significantly better able than control participants to discern the experimental hypothesis. However, EFT participants were not better than controls at identifying whether they had been assigned to the experimental group and, likewise, showed no differences in attitudes about the experiment and experimenter. Importantly, effects of EFT on delay discounting and demand remained significant even when controlling for measures of demand characteristics, indicating that EFT's effects are independent of participants' perceptions about the experiment. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Stein, Jeffrey S. Tegge, Allison N. Turner, Jamie K. Bickel, Warren K. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jeffrey S. surname: Stein fullname: Stein, Jeffrey S. email: jstein1@vtc.vt.edu organization: Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute – sequence: 2 givenname: Allison N. surname: Tegge fullname: Tegge, Allison N. organization: Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech – sequence: 3 givenname: Jamie K. surname: Turner fullname: Turner, Jamie K. organization: Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute – sequence: 4 givenname: Warren K. surname: Bickel fullname: Bickel, Warren K. organization: Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Faculty of Health Sciences, Virginia Tech, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29270887$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2017 COPYRIGHT 2018 Springer Journal of Behavioral Medicine is a copyright of Springer, (2017). All Rights Reserved. |
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| Keywords | Demand Episodic future thinking Delay discounting Cigarettes Demand characteristics Good-subject effect |
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| References | Daniel, Stanton, Epstein (CR5) 2013; 24 Bulley, Gullo (CR3) 2016 Sze, Daniel, Kilanowski, Collins, Epstein (CR19) 2015; 3 Koffarnus, Bickel (CR7) 2014; 22 Audrain-McGovern, Rodriguez, Epstein, Cuevas, Rodgers, Wileyto (CR1) 2009; 103 Stein, Sze, Athamneh, Koffarnus, Epstein, Bickel (CR17) 2017; 40 Bickel, Odum, Madden (CR2) 1999; 146 Lin, Epstein (CR9) 2014; 128 CR14 Snider, LaConte, Bickel (CR15) 2016; 40 Jacobs, Bickel (CR6) 1999; 7 Cox, Tiffany, Christen (CR4) 2001; 3 Koffarnus, Franck, Stein, Bickel (CR8) 2015; 23 Sze, Stein, Bickel, Paluch, Epstein (CR20) 2017; 5 Nichols, Maner (CR12) 2008; 135 Orne (CR13) 1962; 17 Stein, Wilson, Koffarnus, Daniel, Epstein, Bickel (CR18) 2016 Stein, Koffarnus, Snider, Quisenberry, Bickel (CR16) 2015; 23 Mazur, Commons, Mazur, Nevin (CR11) 1987 MacKillop, Amlung, Few, Ray, Sweet, Munafò (CR10) 2011; 216 EA Jacobs (9908_CR6) 1999; 7 H Lin (9908_CR9) 2014; 128 J MacKillop (9908_CR10) 2011; 216 MT Orne (9908_CR13) 1962; 17 LS Cox (9908_CR4) 2001; 3 A Bulley (9908_CR3) 2016 MN Koffarnus (9908_CR8) 2015; 23 MN Koffarnus (9908_CR7) 2014; 22 SE Snider (9908_CR15) 2016; 40 JS Stein (9908_CR17) 2017; 40 JS Stein (9908_CR16) 2015; 23 WK Bickel (9908_CR2) 1999; 146 J Audrain-McGovern (9908_CR1) 2009; 103 JS Stein (9908_CR18) 2016 YY Sze (9908_CR19) 2015; 3 JE Mazur (9908_CR11) 1987 AL Nichols (9908_CR12) 2008; 135 YY Sze (9908_CR20) 2017; 5 9908_CR14 TO Daniel (9908_CR5) 2013; 24 |
| References_xml | – year: 2016 ident: CR3 article-title: The influence of episodic foresight on delay discounting and demand for alcohol publication-title: Addictive Behaviors – volume: 23 start-page: 504 year: 2015 end-page: 512 ident: CR8 article-title: A modified exponential behavioral economic demand model to better describe consumption data publication-title: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology doi: 10.1037/pha0000045 – start-page: 55 year: 1987 end-page: 73 ident: CR11 article-title: An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement publication-title: Quantitative analyses of behavior – volume: 23 start-page: 377 year: 2015 ident: CR16 article-title: Identification and management of nonsystematic purchase task data: Toward best practice publication-title: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology doi: 10.1037/pha0000020 – volume: 40 start-page: 1 year: 2017 end-page: 7 ident: CR17 article-title: Think fast: Rapid assessment of the effects of episodic future thinking on delay discounting in overweight/obese participants publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Medicine doi: 10.1007/s10865-017-9857-8 – volume: 216 start-page: 305 year: 2011 end-page: 321 ident: CR10 article-title: Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: A meta-analysis publication-title: Psychopharmacology (Berl) doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2229-0 – ident: CR14 – volume: 3 start-page: e97 year: 2015 ident: CR19 article-title: Web-based and mobile delivery of an episodic future thinking intervention for overweight and obese families: A feasibility study publication-title: JMIR mHealth and uHealth doi: 10.2196/mhealth.4603 – year: 2016 ident: CR18 article-title: Unstuck in time: Episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting and cigarette smoking publication-title: Psychopharmacology (Berl) – volume: 5 start-page: 683 year: 2017 end-page: 697 ident: CR20 article-title: Bleak present, bright future: Online episodic future thinking, scarcity, delay discounting, and food demand publication-title: Clinical Psychological Science doi: 10.1177/2167702617696511 – volume: 7 start-page: 412 year: 1999 end-page: 426 ident: CR6 article-title: Modeling drug consumption in the clinic using simulation procedures: Demand for heroin and cigarettes in opioid-dependent outpatients publication-title: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology doi: 10.1037/1064-1297.7.4.412 – volume: 40 start-page: 1558 year: 2016 end-page: 1566 ident: CR15 article-title: Episodic future thinking: Expansion of the temporal window in individuals with alcohol dependence publication-title: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research doi: 10.1111/acer.13112 – volume: 3 start-page: 7 year: 2001 end-page: 16 ident: CR4 article-title: Evaluation of the brief questionnaire of smoking urges (QSU-brief) in laboratory and clinical settings publication-title: Nicotine and Tobacco Research doi: 10.1080/14622200020032051 – volume: 103 start-page: 99 year: 2009 end-page: 106 ident: CR1 article-title: Does delay discounting play an etiological role in smoking or is it a consequence of smoking? publication-title: Drug and Alcohol Dependence doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.12.019 – volume: 135 start-page: 151 year: 2008 end-page: 165 ident: CR12 article-title: The good-subject effect: Investigating participant demand characteristics publication-title: The Journal of General Psychology doi: 10.3200/GENP.135.2.151-166 – volume: 22 start-page: 222 year: 2014 end-page: 228 ident: CR7 article-title: A 5-trial adjusting delay discounting task: Accurate discount rates in less than one minute publication-title: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology doi: 10.1037/a0035973 – volume: 128 start-page: 12 year: 2014 end-page: 19 ident: CR9 article-title: Living in the moment: Effects of time perspective and emotional valence of episodic thinking on delay discounting publication-title: Behavioral Neuroscience doi: 10.1037/a0035705 – volume: 17 start-page: 776 year: 1962 ident: CR13 article-title: On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: With particular reference to demand characteristics and their implications publication-title: The American Psychologist doi: 10.1037/h0043424 – volume: 146 start-page: 447 year: 1999 end-page: 454 ident: CR2 article-title: Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers publication-title: Psychopharmacology (Berl) doi: 10.1007/PL00005490 – volume: 24 start-page: 2339 year: 2013 end-page: 2342 ident: CR5 article-title: The future is now: Reducing impulsivity and energy intake using episodic future thinking publication-title: Psychological Science doi: 10.1177/0956797613488780 – year: 2016 ident: 9908_CR18 publication-title: Psychopharmacology (Berl) doi: 10.1007/s00213-016-4410-y – volume: 3 start-page: 7 year: 2001 ident: 9908_CR4 publication-title: Nicotine and Tobacco Research doi: 10.1080/14622200020032051 – volume: 40 start-page: 1558 year: 2016 ident: 9908_CR15 publication-title: Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research doi: 10.1111/acer.13112 – volume: 146 start-page: 447 year: 1999 ident: 9908_CR2 publication-title: Psychopharmacology (Berl) doi: 10.1007/PL00005490 – volume: 22 start-page: 222 year: 2014 ident: 9908_CR7 publication-title: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology doi: 10.1037/a0035973 – volume: 128 start-page: 12 year: 2014 ident: 9908_CR9 publication-title: Behavioral Neuroscience doi: 10.1037/a0035705 – volume: 3 start-page: e97 year: 2015 ident: 9908_CR19 publication-title: JMIR mHealth and uHealth doi: 10.2196/mhealth.4603 – volume: 24 start-page: 2339 year: 2013 ident: 9908_CR5 publication-title: Psychological Science doi: 10.1177/0956797613488780 – start-page: 55 volume-title: Quantitative analyses of behavior year: 1987 ident: 9908_CR11 – volume: 23 start-page: 504 year: 2015 ident: 9908_CR8 publication-title: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology doi: 10.1037/pha0000045 – volume: 216 start-page: 305 year: 2011 ident: 9908_CR10 publication-title: Psychopharmacology (Berl) doi: 10.1007/s00213-011-2229-0 – volume: 135 start-page: 151 year: 2008 ident: 9908_CR12 publication-title: The Journal of General Psychology doi: 10.3200/GENP.135.2.151-166 – ident: 9908_CR14 doi: 10.1037/pha0000171 – volume: 17 start-page: 776 year: 1962 ident: 9908_CR13 publication-title: The American Psychologist doi: 10.1037/h0043424 – volume: 5 start-page: 683 year: 2017 ident: 9908_CR20 publication-title: Clinical Psychological Science doi: 10.1177/2167702617696511 – volume: 103 start-page: 99 year: 2009 ident: 9908_CR1 publication-title: Drug and Alcohol Dependence doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.12.019 – year: 2016 ident: 9908_CR3 publication-title: Addictive Behaviors doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.11.003 – volume: 40 start-page: 1 year: 2017 ident: 9908_CR17 publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Medicine doi: 10.1007/s10865-017-9857-8 – volume: 7 start-page: 412 year: 1999 ident: 9908_CR6 publication-title: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology doi: 10.1037/1064-1297.7.4.412 – volume: 23 start-page: 377 year: 2015 ident: 9908_CR16 publication-title: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology doi: 10.1037/pha0000020 |
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