Toxic textile dyes accumulate in wild European eel Anguilla anguilla

[Display omitted] •Malachite Green and Crystal Violet, used in textile industry, are accumulating in wild freshwater fish.•Prevalence of dyes in the European eel is high in Belgium (77% of the studied sites).•Dye contaminated eel is unfit for human consumption.•Dyes accumulating in wildlife may form...

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Vydáno v:	Chemosphere (Oxford) Ročník 138; s. 784 - 791
Hlavní autoři:	Belpaire, Claude, Reyns, Tim, Geeraerts, Caroline, Van Loco, Joris
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	England Elsevier Ltd 01.11.2015
Témata:	Anguilla - metabolism Anguilla anguilla Animals aquatic ecosystems Belgium Bioaccumulation Chromatography, Liquid Coloring Agents - analysis Coloring Agents - metabolism Contamination Crystal Violet Dyes eel Eels endangered species Environmental Monitoring - methods European eel fabrics field experimentation Food Contamination Fresh Water - chemistry gentian violet Gentian Violet - analysis Gentian Violet - metabolism household products industry lakes leather liquid chromatography Malachite Green Marine Mass Spectrometry metabolites muscle tissues paints phenothiazines rivers Rosaniline Dyes - analysis Rosaniline Dyes - metabolism surveys tandem mass spectrometry Textile Industry Textiles Toxic toxicity Toxicology Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism wildlife Belgium Malachite Green Crystal Violet Belgium Bioaccumulation European eel Textile industry
ISSN:	0045-6535, 1879-1298, 1879-1298
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Abstract	[Display omitted] •Malachite Green and Crystal Violet, used in textile industry, are accumulating in wild freshwater fish.•Prevalence of dyes in the European eel is high in Belgium (77% of the studied sites).•Dye contaminated eel is unfit for human consumption.•Dyes accumulating in wildlife may form a global environmental problem. Dyes are used to stain inks, paints, textile, paper, leather and household products. They are omnipresent, some are toxic and may threaten our environment, especially aquatic ecosystems. The presence of residues of sixteen dyes (triarylmethanes, xanthenes, phenothiazines and phenoxazines) and their metabolites was analyzed in muscle tissue samples of individual yellow-phased European eels (Anguilla anguilla) from 91 locations in Belgian rivers, canals and lakes sampled between 2000 and 2009 using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Eel was contaminated by dyes in 77% of the sites. Malachite Green, Crystal Violet and Brilliant Green were present in 25–58% of the samples. Dye occurrence was related to the distribution of textile and dye production industries. This field study is the first large-scale survey to document the occurrence of artificial dyes in wildlife. Considering the annual amounts of dyes produced worldwide and the unintentional spillage during their use, our observations warrant additional research in other parts of the world. The presence of these highly toxic dyes in the European eel may form an additional threat to this critically endangered species. The contaminated eels should be considered as not suitable for consumption.
AbstractList	Dyes are used to stain inks, paints, textile, paper, leather and household products. They are omnipresent, some are toxic and may threaten our environment, especially aquatic ecosystems. The presence of residues of sixteen dyes (triarylmethanes, xanthenes, phenothiazines and phenoxazines) and their metabolites was analyzed in muscle tissue samples of individual yellow-phased European eels (Anguilla anguilla) from 91 locations in Belgian rivers, canals and lakes sampled between 2000 and 2009 using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Eel was contaminated by dyes in 77% of the sites. Malachite Green, Crystal Violet and Brilliant Green were present in 25-58% of the samples. Dye occurrence was related to the distribution of textile and dye production industries. This field study is the first large-scale survey to document the occurrence of artificial dyes in wildlife. Considering the annual amounts of dyes produced worldwide and the unintentional spillage during their use, our observations warrant additional research in other parts of the world. The presence of these highly toxic dyes in the European eel may form an additional threat to this critically endangered species. The contaminated eels should be considered as not suitable for consumption. Dyes are used to stain inks, paints, textile, paper, leather and household products. They are omnipresent, some are toxic and may threaten our environment, especially aquatic ecosystems. The presence of residues of sixteen dyes (triarylmethanes, xanthenes, phenothiazines and phenoxazines) and their metabolites was analyzed in muscle tissue samples of individual yellow-phased European eels (Anguilla anguilla) from 91 locations in Belgian rivers, canals and lakes sampled between 2000 and 2009 using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Eel was contaminated by dyes in 77% of the sites. Malachite Green, Crystal Violet and Brilliant Green were present in 25-58% of the samples. Dye occurrence was related to the distribution of textile and dye production industries. This field study is the first large-scale survey to document the occurrence of artificial dyes in wildlife. Considering the annual amounts of dyes produced worldwide and the unintentional spillage during their use, our observations warrant additional research in other parts of the world. The presence of these highly toxic dyes in the European eel may form an additional threat to this critically endangered species. The contaminated eels should be considered as not suitable for consumption.Dyes are used to stain inks, paints, textile, paper, leather and household products. They are omnipresent, some are toxic and may threaten our environment, especially aquatic ecosystems. The presence of residues of sixteen dyes (triarylmethanes, xanthenes, phenothiazines and phenoxazines) and their metabolites was analyzed in muscle tissue samples of individual yellow-phased European eels (Anguilla anguilla) from 91 locations in Belgian rivers, canals and lakes sampled between 2000 and 2009 using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Eel was contaminated by dyes in 77% of the sites. Malachite Green, Crystal Violet and Brilliant Green were present in 25-58% of the samples. Dye occurrence was related to the distribution of textile and dye production industries. This field study is the first large-scale survey to document the occurrence of artificial dyes in wildlife. Considering the annual amounts of dyes produced worldwide and the unintentional spillage during their use, our observations warrant additional research in other parts of the world. The presence of these highly toxic dyes in the European eel may form an additional threat to this critically endangered species. The contaminated eels should be considered as not suitable for consumption. [Display omitted] •Malachite Green and Crystal Violet, used in textile industry, are accumulating in wild freshwater fish.•Prevalence of dyes in the European eel is high in Belgium (77% of the studied sites).•Dye contaminated eel is unfit for human consumption.•Dyes accumulating in wildlife may form a global environmental problem. Dyes are used to stain inks, paints, textile, paper, leather and household products. They are omnipresent, some are toxic and may threaten our environment, especially aquatic ecosystems. The presence of residues of sixteen dyes (triarylmethanes, xanthenes, phenothiazines and phenoxazines) and their metabolites was analyzed in muscle tissue samples of individual yellow-phased European eels (Anguilla anguilla) from 91 locations in Belgian rivers, canals and lakes sampled between 2000 and 2009 using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Eel was contaminated by dyes in 77% of the sites. Malachite Green, Crystal Violet and Brilliant Green were present in 25–58% of the samples. Dye occurrence was related to the distribution of textile and dye production industries. This field study is the first large-scale survey to document the occurrence of artificial dyes in wildlife. Considering the annual amounts of dyes produced worldwide and the unintentional spillage during their use, our observations warrant additional research in other parts of the world. The presence of these highly toxic dyes in the European eel may form an additional threat to this critically endangered species. The contaminated eels should be considered as not suitable for consumption.
Author	Reyns, Tim Belpaire, Claude Van Loco, Joris Geeraerts, Caroline
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Claude surname: Belpaire fullname: Belpaire, Claude email: claude.belpaire@inbo.be organization: Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Duboislaan 14, B-1560 Hoeilaart, Belgium – sequence: 2 givenname: Tim surname: Reyns fullname: Reyns, Tim organization: Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium – sequence: 3 givenname: Caroline surname: Geeraerts fullname: Geeraerts, Caroline organization: Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Gaverstraat 4, B-9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium – sequence: 4 givenname: Joris surname: Van Loco fullname: Van Loco, Joris organization: Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26291760$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	[Display omitted] •Malachite Green and Crystal Violet, used in textile industry, are accumulating in wild freshwater fish.•Prevalence of dyes in the European... Dyes are used to stain inks, paints, textile, paper, leather and household products. They are omnipresent, some are toxic and may threaten our environment,...
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SubjectTerms	Anguilla - metabolism Anguilla anguilla Animals aquatic ecosystems Belgium Bioaccumulation Chromatography, Liquid Coloring Agents - analysis Coloring Agents - metabolism Contamination Crystal Violet Dyes eel Eels endangered species Environmental Monitoring - methods European eel fabrics field experimentation Food Contamination Fresh Water - chemistry gentian violet Gentian Violet - analysis Gentian Violet - metabolism household products industry lakes leather liquid chromatography Malachite Green Marine Mass Spectrometry metabolites muscle tissues paints phenothiazines rivers Rosaniline Dyes - analysis Rosaniline Dyes - metabolism surveys tandem mass spectrometry Textile Industry Textiles Toxic toxicity Toxicology Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism wildlife
Title	Toxic textile dyes accumulate in wild European eel Anguilla anguilla
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