Toxic textile dyes accumulate in wild European eel Anguilla anguilla

[Display omitted] •Malachite Green and Crystal Violet, used in textile industry, are accumulating in wild freshwater fish.•Prevalence of dyes in the European eel is high in Belgium (77% of the studied sites).•Dye contaminated eel is unfit for human consumption.•Dyes accumulating in wildlife may form...

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Veröffentlicht in:Chemosphere (Oxford) Jg. 138; S. 784 - 791
Hauptverfasser: Belpaire, Claude, Reyns, Tim, Geeraerts, Caroline, Van Loco, Joris
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: England Elsevier Ltd 01.11.2015
Schlagworte:
Anguilla - metabolism
Anguilla anguilla
Animals
aquatic ecosystems
Belgium
Bioaccumulation
Chromatography, Liquid
Coloring Agents - analysis
Coloring Agents - metabolism
Contamination
Crystal Violet
Dyes
eel
Eels
endangered species
Environmental Monitoring - methods
European eel
fabrics
field experimentation
Food Contamination
Fresh Water - chemistry
gentian violet
Gentian Violet - analysis
Gentian Violet - metabolism
household products
industry
lakes
leather
liquid chromatography
Malachite Green
Marine
Mass Spectrometry
metabolites
muscle tissues
paints
phenothiazines
rivers
Rosaniline Dyes - analysis
Rosaniline Dyes - metabolism
surveys
tandem mass spectrometry
Textile Industry
Textiles
Toxic
toxicity
Toxicology
Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis
Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism
wildlife
Belgium
Malachite Green
Crystal Violet
Belgium
Bioaccumulation
European eel
Textile industry
ISSN:0045-6535, 1879-1298, 1879-1298
Online-Zugang:Volltext
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Zusammenfassung:[Display omitted] •Malachite Green and Crystal Violet, used in textile industry, are accumulating in wild freshwater fish.•Prevalence of dyes in the European eel is high in Belgium (77% of the studied sites).•Dye contaminated eel is unfit for human consumption.•Dyes accumulating in wildlife may form a global environmental problem. Dyes are used to stain inks, paints, textile, paper, leather and household products. They are omnipresent, some are toxic and may threaten our environment, especially aquatic ecosystems. The presence of residues of sixteen dyes (triarylmethanes, xanthenes, phenothiazines and phenoxazines) and their metabolites was analyzed in muscle tissue samples of individual yellow-phased European eels (Anguilla anguilla) from 91 locations in Belgian rivers, canals and lakes sampled between 2000 and 2009 using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Eel was contaminated by dyes in 77% of the sites. Malachite Green, Crystal Violet and Brilliant Green were present in 25–58% of the samples. Dye occurrence was related to the distribution of textile and dye production industries. This field study is the first large-scale survey to document the occurrence of artificial dyes in wildlife. Considering the annual amounts of dyes produced worldwide and the unintentional spillage during their use, our observations warrant additional research in other parts of the world. The presence of these highly toxic dyes in the European eel may form an additional threat to this critically endangered species. The contaminated eels should be considered as not suitable for consumption.
Bibliographie:ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
ISSN:0045-6535
1879-1298
1879-1298
DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.007