Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases
Summary Background The cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 disease are poorly characterized. Objectives To describe the cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 disease and to relate them to other clinical findings. Methods We carried out a nationwide case collection survey of images and clinical data....
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| Vydáno v: | British journal of dermatology (1951) Ročník 183; číslo 1; s. 71 - 77 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
England
Oxford University Press
01.07.2020
John Wiley and Sons Inc |
| Témata: | |
| ISSN: | 0007-0963, 1365-2133, 1365-2133 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
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| Abstract | Summary
Background
The cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 disease are poorly characterized.
Objectives
To describe the cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 disease and to relate them to other clinical findings.
Methods
We carried out a nationwide case collection survey of images and clinical data. Using a consensus we described five clinical patterns. We later described the association of these patterns with patient demographics, the timing in relation to symptoms of the disease, the severity and the prognosis.
Results
The lesions may be classified as acral areas of erythema with vesicles or pustules (pseudo‐chilblain) (19%), other vesicular eruptions (9%), urticarial lesions (19%), maculopapular eruptions (47%) and livedo or necrosis (6%). Vesicular eruptions appear early in the course of the disease (15% before other symptoms). The pseudo‐chilblain pattern frequently appears late in the evolution of the COVID‐19 disease (59% after other symptoms), while the rest tend to appear with other symptoms of COVID‐19. The severity of COVID‐19 shows a gradient from less severe disease in acral lesions to more severe in the latter groups. The results are similar for confirmed and suspected cases, in terms of both clinical and epidemiological findings. Alternative diagnoses are discussed but seem unlikely for the most specific patterns (pseudo‐chilblain and vesicular).
Conclusions
We provide a description of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID‐19 infection. These may help clinicians approach patients with the disease and recognize cases presenting with few symptoms.
What is already known about this topic?
Previous descriptions of cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 were case reports and mostly lacked illustrations.
What does this study add?
We describe a large, representative sample of patients with unexplained skin manifestations and a diagnosis of COVID‐19, using a consensus method to define morphological patterns associated with COVID‐19.
We describe five clinical patterns associated with different patient demographics, timing and prognosis, and provide illustrations of these patterns to allow for easy recognition.
Linked Editorial: Hay et al. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:3–4.
Plain language summary available online |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | BackgroundThe cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 disease are poorly characterized.ObjectivesTo describe the cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 disease and to relate them to other clinical findings.MethodsWe carried out a nationwide case collection survey of images and clinical data. Using a consensus we described five clinical patterns. We later described the association of these patterns with patient demographics, the timing in relation to symptoms of the disease, the severity and the prognosis.ResultsThe lesions may be classified as acral areas of erythema with vesicles or pustules (pseudo‐chilblain) (19%), other vesicular eruptions (9%), urticarial lesions (19%), maculopapular eruptions (47%) and livedo or necrosis (6%). Vesicular eruptions appear early in the course of the disease (15% before other symptoms). The pseudo‐chilblain pattern frequently appears late in the evolution of the COVID‐19 disease (59% after other symptoms), while the rest tend to appear with other symptoms of COVID‐19. The severity of COVID‐19 shows a gradient from less severe disease in acral lesions to more severe in the latter groups. The results are similar for confirmed and suspected cases, in terms of both clinical and epidemiological findings. Alternative diagnoses are discussed but seem unlikely for the most specific patterns (pseudo‐chilblain and vesicular).ConclusionsWe provide a description of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID‐19 infection. These may help clinicians approach patients with the disease and recognize cases presenting with few symptoms.What is already known about this topic?Previous descriptions of cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 were case reports and mostly lacked illustrations.What does this study add?We describe a large, representative sample of patients with unexplained skin manifestations and a diagnosis of COVID‐19, using a consensus method to define morphological patterns associated with COVID‐19.We describe five clinical patterns associated with different patient demographics, timing and prognosis, and provide illustrations of these patterns to allow for easy recognition.Linked Editorial: Hay et al. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:3–4. Linked Editorial: Hay et al. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:3–4. Plain language summary available online The cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease are poorly characterized.BACKGROUNDThe cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease are poorly characterized.To describe the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease and to relate them to other clinical findings.OBJECTIVESTo describe the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease and to relate them to other clinical findings.We carried out a nationwide case collection survey of images and clinical data. Using a consensus we described five clinical patterns. We later described the association of these patterns with patient demographics, the timing in relation to symptoms of the disease, the severity and the prognosis.METHODSWe carried out a nationwide case collection survey of images and clinical data. Using a consensus we described five clinical patterns. We later described the association of these patterns with patient demographics, the timing in relation to symptoms of the disease, the severity and the prognosis.The lesions may be classified as acral areas of erythema with vesicles or pustules (pseudo-chilblain) (19%), other vesicular eruptions (9%), urticarial lesions (19%), maculopapular eruptions (47%) and livedo or necrosis (6%). Vesicular eruptions appear early in the course of the disease (15% before other symptoms). The pseudo-chilblain pattern frequently appears late in the evolution of the COVID-19 disease (59% after other symptoms), while the rest tend to appear with other symptoms of COVID-19. The severity of COVID-19 shows a gradient from less severe disease in acral lesions to more severe in the latter groups. The results are similar for confirmed and suspected cases, in terms of both clinical and epidemiological findings. Alternative diagnoses are discussed but seem unlikely for the most specific patterns (pseudo-chilblain and vesicular).RESULTSThe lesions may be classified as acral areas of erythema with vesicles or pustules (pseudo-chilblain) (19%), other vesicular eruptions (9%), urticarial lesions (19%), maculopapular eruptions (47%) and livedo or necrosis (6%). Vesicular eruptions appear early in the course of the disease (15% before other symptoms). The pseudo-chilblain pattern frequently appears late in the evolution of the COVID-19 disease (59% after other symptoms), while the rest tend to appear with other symptoms of COVID-19. The severity of COVID-19 shows a gradient from less severe disease in acral lesions to more severe in the latter groups. The results are similar for confirmed and suspected cases, in terms of both clinical and epidemiological findings. Alternative diagnoses are discussed but seem unlikely for the most specific patterns (pseudo-chilblain and vesicular).We provide a description of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 infection. These may help clinicians approach patients with the disease and recognize cases presenting with few symptoms. What is already known about this topic? Previous descriptions of cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 were case reports and mostly lacked illustrations. What does this study add? We describe a large, representative sample of patients with unexplained skin manifestations and a diagnosis of COVID-19, using a consensus method to define morphological patterns associated with COVID-19. We describe five clinical patterns associated with different patient demographics, timing and prognosis, and provide illustrations of these patterns to allow for easy recognition.CONCLUSIONSWe provide a description of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 infection. These may help clinicians approach patients with the disease and recognize cases presenting with few symptoms. What is already known about this topic? Previous descriptions of cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 were case reports and mostly lacked illustrations. What does this study add? We describe a large, representative sample of patients with unexplained skin manifestations and a diagnosis of COVID-19, using a consensus method to define morphological patterns associated with COVID-19. We describe five clinical patterns associated with different patient demographics, timing and prognosis, and provide illustrations of these patterns to allow for easy recognition. The cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease are poorly characterized. To describe the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease and to relate them to other clinical findings. We carried out a nationwide case collection survey of images and clinical data. Using a consensus we described five clinical patterns. We later described the association of these patterns with patient demographics, the timing in relation to symptoms of the disease, the severity and the prognosis. The lesions may be classified as acral areas of erythema with vesicles or pustules (pseudo-chilblain) (19%), other vesicular eruptions (9%), urticarial lesions (19%), maculopapular eruptions (47%) and livedo or necrosis (6%). Vesicular eruptions appear early in the course of the disease (15% before other symptoms). The pseudo-chilblain pattern frequently appears late in the evolution of the COVID-19 disease (59% after other symptoms), while the rest tend to appear with other symptoms of COVID-19. The severity of COVID-19 shows a gradient from less severe disease in acral lesions to more severe in the latter groups. The results are similar for confirmed and suspected cases, in terms of both clinical and epidemiological findings. Alternative diagnoses are discussed but seem unlikely for the most specific patterns (pseudo-chilblain and vesicular). We provide a description of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 infection. These may help clinicians approach patients with the disease and recognize cases presenting with few symptoms. What is already known about this topic? Previous descriptions of cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 were case reports and mostly lacked illustrations. What does this study add? We describe a large, representative sample of patients with unexplained skin manifestations and a diagnosis of COVID-19, using a consensus method to define morphological patterns associated with COVID-19. We describe five clinical patterns associated with different patient demographics, timing and prognosis, and provide illustrations of these patterns to allow for easy recognition. Summary Background The cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 disease are poorly characterized. Objectives To describe the cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 disease and to relate them to other clinical findings. Methods We carried out a nationwide case collection survey of images and clinical data. Using a consensus we described five clinical patterns. We later described the association of these patterns with patient demographics, the timing in relation to symptoms of the disease, the severity and the prognosis. Results The lesions may be classified as acral areas of erythema with vesicles or pustules (pseudo‐chilblain) (19%), other vesicular eruptions (9%), urticarial lesions (19%), maculopapular eruptions (47%) and livedo or necrosis (6%). Vesicular eruptions appear early in the course of the disease (15% before other symptoms). The pseudo‐chilblain pattern frequently appears late in the evolution of the COVID‐19 disease (59% after other symptoms), while the rest tend to appear with other symptoms of COVID‐19. The severity of COVID‐19 shows a gradient from less severe disease in acral lesions to more severe in the latter groups. The results are similar for confirmed and suspected cases, in terms of both clinical and epidemiological findings. Alternative diagnoses are discussed but seem unlikely for the most specific patterns (pseudo‐chilblain and vesicular). Conclusions We provide a description of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID‐19 infection. These may help clinicians approach patients with the disease and recognize cases presenting with few symptoms. What is already known about this topic? Previous descriptions of cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 were case reports and mostly lacked illustrations. What does this study add? We describe a large, representative sample of patients with unexplained skin manifestations and a diagnosis of COVID‐19, using a consensus method to define morphological patterns associated with COVID‐19. We describe five clinical patterns associated with different patient demographics, timing and prognosis, and provide illustrations of these patterns to allow for easy recognition. Linked Editorial: Hay et al. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:3–4. Plain language summary available online |
| Author | Fernández‐Nieto, D. Melian‐Olivera, A. Selda‐Enriquez, G. Burgos‐Blasco, P. Rodríguez‐Jiménez, P. Carretero Hernández, G. Galván Casas, C. Morillas‐Lahuerta, V. Ruiz‐Villaverde, R. Baniandrés, O. Llamas Velasco, M. Navarro Fernández, I. García‐Doval, I. Fustà‐Novell, X. Romaní, J. Feito Rodriguez, M. Roncero Riesco, M. Rodríguez‐Villa Lario, A. Sola Ortigosa, J. Falkenhain‐López, D. González‐Cruz, C. Cubiró, X. Figueras Nart, I. Català, A. García‐Gavín, J. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 6 Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain 14 Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona Spain 12 Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Spain 8 Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio Granada Spain 18 Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca Salamanca Spain 10 Gavín Dermatólogos Vigo Spain 21 Research Unit Fundación Piel Sana Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología Madrid Spain 13 Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona Barcelona Spain 16 Consorci Sanitari Parc Taulí Sabadell, Barcelona Spain 15 Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona Spain 3 Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín Las Palmas Spain 5 Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Madrid Spain 7 Hospital Universitario ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ Santander Spain 11 Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Madrid Spain 9 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain 17 Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa M |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 13 Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona Barcelona Spain – name: 16 Consorci Sanitari Parc Taulí Sabadell, Barcelona Spain – name: 6 Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain – name: 5 Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Madrid Spain – name: 7 Hospital Universitario ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ Santander Spain – name: 17 Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa Manresa, Barcelona Spain – name: 4 Hospital Universitario de la Princesa Madrid Spain – name: 9 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Madrid Spain – name: 14 Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona Spain – name: 11 Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Madrid Spain – name: 2 Hospital Plató Barcelona Spain – name: 21 Research Unit Fundación Piel Sana Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología Madrid Spain – name: 1 Hospital Universitario de Móstoles Madrid Spain – name: 8 Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio Granada Spain – name: 15 Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge Hospitalet de Llobregat Barcelona Spain – name: 18 Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca Salamanca Spain – name: 19 Hospital General de Granollers Barcelona Spain – name: 3 Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín Las Palmas Spain – name: 12 Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Spain – name: 10 Gavín Dermatólogos Vigo Spain – name: 20 Hospital Universitario La Paz Madrid Spain |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: C. orcidid: 0000-0002-9662-9537 surname: Galván Casas fullname: Galván Casas, C. organization: Hospital Universitario de Móstoles – sequence: 2 givenname: A. orcidid: 0000-0001-9916-6411 surname: Català fullname: Català, A. organization: Hospital Plató – sequence: 3 givenname: G. surname: Carretero Hernández fullname: Carretero Hernández, G. organization: Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín – sequence: 4 givenname: P. orcidid: 0000-0002-7061-3027 surname: Rodríguez‐Jiménez fullname: Rodríguez‐Jiménez, P. organization: Hospital Universitario de la Princesa – sequence: 5 givenname: D. orcidid: 0000-0003-4461-1770 surname: Fernández‐Nieto fullname: Fernández‐Nieto, D. organization: Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal – sequence: 6 givenname: A. orcidid: 0000-0001-6156-4115 surname: Rodríguez‐Villa Lario fullname: Rodríguez‐Villa Lario, A. organization: Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias – sequence: 7 givenname: I. orcidid: 0000-0001-7599-3949 surname: Navarro Fernández fullname: Navarro Fernández, I. organization: Hospital Universitario ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ – sequence: 8 givenname: R. orcidid: 0000-0002-0381-6174 surname: Ruiz‐Villaverde fullname: Ruiz‐Villaverde, R. organization: Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio – sequence: 9 givenname: D. orcidid: 0000-0002-2702-2205 surname: Falkenhain‐López fullname: Falkenhain‐López, D. organization: Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre – sequence: 10 givenname: M. orcidid: 0000-0002-1187-1341 surname: Llamas Velasco fullname: Llamas Velasco, M. organization: Hospital Universitario de la Princesa – sequence: 11 givenname: J. surname: García‐Gavín fullname: García‐Gavín, J. organization: Gavín Dermatólogos – sequence: 12 givenname: O. orcidid: 0000-0001-8183-3941 surname: Baniandrés fullname: Baniandrés, O. organization: Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón – sequence: 13 givenname: C. orcidid: 0000-0003-0117-8858 surname: González‐Cruz fullname: González‐Cruz, C. organization: Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron – sequence: 14 givenname: V. orcidid: 0000-0003-3281-7309 surname: Morillas‐Lahuerta fullname: Morillas‐Lahuerta, V. organization: Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol – sequence: 15 givenname: X. orcidid: 0000-0001-9908-546X surname: Cubiró fullname: Cubiró, X. organization: Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau – sequence: 16 givenname: I. orcidid: 0000-0001-9341-5923 surname: Figueras Nart fullname: Figueras Nart, I. organization: Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge – sequence: 17 givenname: G. orcidid: 0000-0002-7771-2765 surname: Selda‐Enriquez fullname: Selda‐Enriquez, G. organization: Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal – sequence: 18 givenname: J. orcidid: 0000-0002-6134-5155 surname: Romaní fullname: Romaní, J. organization: Consorci Sanitari Parc Taulí – sequence: 19 givenname: X. orcidid: 0000-0001-6631-6030 surname: Fustà‐Novell fullname: Fustà‐Novell, X. organization: Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa – sequence: 20 givenname: A. orcidid: 0000-0002-5037-4129 surname: Melian‐Olivera fullname: Melian‐Olivera, A. organization: Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal – sequence: 21 givenname: M. surname: Roncero Riesco fullname: Roncero Riesco, M. organization: Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca – sequence: 22 givenname: P. orcidid: 0000-0002-4517-507X surname: Burgos‐Blasco fullname: Burgos‐Blasco, P. organization: Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal – sequence: 23 givenname: J. orcidid: 0000-0002-7911-8428 surname: Sola Ortigosa fullname: Sola Ortigosa, J. organization: Hospital General de Granollers – sequence: 24 givenname: M. surname: Feito Rodriguez fullname: Feito Rodriguez, M. organization: Hospital Universitario La Paz – sequence: 25 givenname: I. orcidid: 0000-0002-6881-5260 surname: García‐Doval fullname: García‐Doval, I. email: Ignacio.garcia.doval@sergas.es organization: Fundación Piel Sana Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32348545$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| License | 2020 British Association of Dermatologists. This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency. |
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| Notes | Plain language summary available online ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Plain language summary available online C. Galván Casas and A. Català contributed equally as first authors. Funding sources The analysis and technical support for this study were done by the Spanish Academy of Dermatology (Research Unit). Conflicts of interest The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest. |
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| References | 2020; 34 2020; 382 2020; 41 2020 2020; 395 2020; 82 2020; 18 e_1_2_6_10_1 Zhang Y (e_1_2_6_7_1) 2020; 41 e_1_2_6_9_1 e_1_2_6_8_1 e_1_2_6_19_1 e_1_2_6_5_1 e_1_2_6_4_1 e_1_2_6_6_1 e_1_2_6_13_1 e_1_2_6_14_1 e_1_2_6_3_1 e_1_2_6_11_1 e_1_2_6_2_1 e_1_2_6_12_1 e_1_2_6_17_1 e_1_2_6_18_1 e_1_2_6_15_1 e_1_2_6_16_1 32521564 - Oral Dis. 2021 Apr;27 Suppl 3:776-778 32506730 - Oral Dis. 2021 Apr;27 Suppl 3:770 32445279 - Dermatol Ther. 2020 Jul;33(4):e13650 32613651 - Br J Dermatol. 2020 Jul;183(1):1-2 33420720 - Br J Dermatol. 2021 Jun;184(6):1187-1190 32533844 - Br J Dermatol. 2020 Oct;183(4):788 32613618 - Br J Dermatol. 2020 Oct;183(4):790-791 32745249 - Br J Dermatol. 2020 Jul;183(1):e16 33599069 - Dermatol Ther. 2021 May;34(3):e14897 |
| References_xml | – year: 2020 article-title: The novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China: challenges for global health governance publication-title: JAMA – volume: 82 start-page: e177 year: 2020 article-title: COVID‐19 can present with a rash and be mistaken for dengue publication-title: J Am Acad Dermatol – year: 2020 article-title: A dermatologic manifestation of COVID‐19: transient livedo reticularis publication-title: J Am Acad Dermatol – volume: 382 start-page: 1199 year: 2020 end-page: 207 article-title: Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus‐infected pneumonia publication-title: N Engl J Med – volume: 34 start-page: e212 year: 2020 end-page: 13 article-title: Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective publication-title: J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol – volume: 382 start-page: e38 year: 2020 article-title: Coagulopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with Covid‐19 publication-title: N Engl J Med – year: 2020 article-title: Alert for non‐respiratory symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients in epidemic period: a case report of familial cluster with three asymptomatic COVID‐19 patients publication-title: J Med Virol – volume: 395 start-page: 1011 year: 2020 article-title: COVID‐19: learning from experience publication-title: Lancet – year: 2020 article-title: Comment on: Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a first perspective. Safety concerns of clinical images and skin biopsies publication-title: J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol – year: 2020 article-title: A distinctive skin rash associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019? publication-title: J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol – volume: 18 start-page: 844 year: 2020 end-page: 7 article-title: Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia publication-title: J Thromb Haemost – year: 2020 article-title: Chilblain and acral purpuric lesions in Spain during COVID confinement: retrospective analysis of 12 cases publication-title: Actas Dermosifiliogr – year: 2020 article-title: Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 in Wuhan, China publication-title: Allergy – year: 2020 article-title: Cutaneous manifestations in COVID‐19: a new contribution publication-title: J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol – volume: 41 start-page: E006 year: 2020 article-title: [Clinical and coagulation characteristics of 7 patients with critical COVID‐2019 pneumonia and acro‐ischemia] publication-title: Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi – volume: 41 start-page: E006 year: 2020 ident: e_1_2_6_7_1 article-title: [Clinical and coagulation characteristics of 7 patients with critical COVID‐2019 pneumonia and acro‐ischemia] publication-title: Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi – ident: e_1_2_6_8_1 doi: 10.1111/jdv.16474 – ident: e_1_2_6_12_1 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30686-3 – ident: e_1_2_6_4_1 doi: 10.1111/jdv.16387 – ident: e_1_2_6_13_1 – ident: e_1_2_6_3_1 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316 – ident: e_1_2_6_14_1 – ident: e_1_2_6_15_1 doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2020.04.002 – ident: e_1_2_6_2_1 doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1097 – ident: e_1_2_6_18_1 doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2007575 – ident: e_1_2_6_6_1 – ident: e_1_2_6_10_1 doi: 10.1002/jmv.25776 – ident: e_1_2_6_19_1 doi: 10.1111/jdv.16471 – ident: e_1_2_6_17_1 doi: 10.1111/jth.14768 – ident: e_1_2_6_5_1 doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.036 – ident: e_1_2_6_9_1 doi: 10.1111/all.14238 – ident: e_1_2_6_11_1 doi: 10.1111/jdv.16470 – ident: e_1_2_6_16_1 doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.018 – reference: 33599069 - Dermatol Ther. 2021 May;34(3):e14897 – reference: 32533844 - Br J Dermatol. 2020 Oct;183(4):788 – reference: 32613651 - Br J Dermatol. 2020 Jul;183(1):1-2 – reference: 33420720 - Br J Dermatol. 2021 Jun;184(6):1187-1190 – reference: 32521564 - Oral Dis. 2021 Apr;27 Suppl 3:776-778 – reference: 32613618 - Br J Dermatol. 2020 Oct;183(4):790-791 – reference: 32506730 - Oral Dis. 2021 Apr;27 Suppl 3:770 – reference: 32445279 - Dermatol Ther. 2020 Jul;33(4):e13650 – reference: 32745249 - Br J Dermatol. 2020 Jul;183(1):e16 |
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Background
The cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 disease are poorly characterized.
Objectives
To describe the cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19... The cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease are poorly characterized. To describe the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease and to relate them to... BackgroundThe cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 disease are poorly characterized.ObjectivesTo describe the cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 disease and... The cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease are poorly characterized.BACKGROUNDThe cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease are poorly... Linked Editorial: Hay et al. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:3–4. Plain language summary available online |
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| SubjectTerms | Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Betacoronavirus - pathogenicity Case reports Child Consensus Coronavirus Infections - complications Coronavirus Infections - diagnosis Coronavirus Infections - epidemiology Coronavirus Infections - virology COVID-19 Demography Dermatologists - statistics & numerical data Epidemiology Erythema Female Humans Lesions Male Middle Aged Original Pandemics Pneumonia, Viral - complications Pneumonia, Viral - diagnosis Pneumonia, Viral - epidemiology Pneumonia, Viral - virology Prognosis Prospective Studies SARS-CoV-2 Skin Diseases, Viral - classification Skin Diseases, Viral - diagnosis Skin Diseases, Viral - virology Spain - epidemiology Surveys and Questionnaires - statistics & numerical data Terminology as Topic Time Factors Young Adult |
| Title | Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases |
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