Recent advances in understanding Type 1 Diabetes [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]

Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial disease in which genetic and environmental factors play a key role. The triggering event is still obscure, and so are many of the immune events that follow. In this brief review, we discuss the possible role of potential environmental factors and which triggers ar...

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Published in:F1000 research Vol. 5; p. 110
Main Authors: Christoffersson, Gustaf, Rodriguez-Calvo, Teresa, von Herrath, Matthias
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: England Faculty of 1000 Ltd 2016
F1000Research
F1000 Research Ltd
Subjects:
Animal Genetics
Antigen Processing & Recognition
Autoimmunity
Beta cells
Diabetes
Diabetes & Obesity
Endocrinology
Epidemiology
Gastrointestinal Physiology
Genetics of the Immune System
Immune Response
Immunity to Infections
Immunological Biomarkers
Innate Immunity
Medical Genetics
Medical Microbiology
Protein Chemistry & Proteomics
Review
Virology
Type 1 Diabetes
Insulitis
Environmental Triggers
Beta Cell Mass
MHC-I expression
Beta Cells
ISSN:2046-1402, 2046-1402
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Type 1 diabetes is a multifactorial disease in which genetic and environmental factors play a key role. The triggering event is still obscure, and so are many of the immune events that follow. In this brief review, we discuss the possible role of potential environmental factors and which triggers are believed to have a role in the disease. In addition, as the disease evolves, beta cells are lost and this occurs in a very heterogeneous fashion. Our knowledge of how beta cell mass declines and our view of the disease's pathogenesis are also debated. We highlight the major hallmarks of disease, among which are MHC-I (major histocompatibility complex class I) expression and insulitis. The dependence versus independence of antigen for the immune infiltrate is also discussed, as both the influence from bystander T cells and the formation of neo-epitopes through post-translational modifications are thought to influence the course of the disease. As human studies are proliferating, our understanding of the disease's pathogenesis will increase exponentially. This article aims to shed light on some of the burning questions in type 1 diabetes research.
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Competing interests: MGvH is an employee of Novo Nordisk. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Contributed equally
ISSN:2046-1402
2046-1402
DOI:10.12688/f1000research.7356.1