Particle and organic vapor emissions from children's 3-D pen and 3-D printer toys

Objective: Fused filament fabrication "3-dimensional (3-D)" printing has expanded beyond the workplace to 3-D printers and pens for use by children as toys to create objects. Materials and methods: Emissions from two brands of toy 3-D pens and one brand of toy 3-D printer were characterize...

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Vydáno v:	Inhalation toxicology Ročník 31; číslo 13-14; s. 432 - 445
Hlavní autoři:	Yi, Jinghai, Duling, Matthew G., Bowers, Lauren N., Knepp, Alycia K., LeBouf, Ryan F., Nurkiewicz, Timothy R., Ranpara, Anand, Luxton, Todd, Martin, Stephen B., Burns, Dru A., Peloquin, Derek M., Baumann, Eric J., Virji, M. Abbas, Stefaniak, Aleksandr B.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	England Taylor & Francis 06.12.2019
Témata:	3-D printing Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis Child children Environmental Monitoring - methods exposure Humans Particle Size particles Particulate Matter - analysis Play and Playthings Printing, Three-Dimensional toys volatile organic compounds Volatile Organic Compounds - analysis 3-D printing toys exposure particles children volatile organic compounds
ISSN:	0895-8378, 1091-7691, 1091-7691
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Abstract	Objective: Fused filament fabrication "3-dimensional (3-D)" printing has expanded beyond the workplace to 3-D printers and pens for use by children as toys to create objects. Materials and methods: Emissions from two brands of toy 3-D pens and one brand of toy 3-D printer were characterized in a 0.6 m 3 chamber (particle number, size, elemental composition; concentrations of individual and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)). The effects of print parameters on these emission metrics were evaluated using mixed-effects models. Emissions data were used to model particle lung deposition and TVOC exposure potential. Results: Geometric mean particle yields (10 6 -10 10 particles/g printed) and sizes (30-300 nm) and TVOC yields (<detectable to 590 µg TVOC/g printed) for the toys were similar to those from 3-D printers used in workplaces. Metal emissions included manganese (1.6-92.3 ng/g printed) and lead (0.13-1.2 ng/g printed). Among toys, extruder nozzle conditions (diameter, temperature) and filament (type, color, and extrusion speed) significantly influenced particle and TVOC emissions. Dose modeling indicated that emitted particles would deposit in the lung alveoli of children. Exposure modeling indicated that TVOC concentration from use of a single toy would be 1-31 µg/m 3 in a classroom and 3-154 µg/m 3 in a residential living room. Discussion: Potential exists for inhalation of organic vapors and metal-containing particles during use of these toys. Conclusions: If deemed appropriate, e.g. where multiple toys are used in a poorly ventilated area or a toy is positioned near a child's breathing zone, control technologies should be implemented to reduce emissions and exposure risk.
AbstractList	Objective: Fused filament fabrication "3-dimensional (3-D)" printing has expanded beyond the workplace to 3-D printers and pens for use by children as toys to create objects. Materials and methods: Emissions from two brands of toy 3-D pens and one brand of toy 3-D printer were characterized in a 0.6 m 3 chamber (particle number, size, elemental composition; concentrations of individual and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)). The effects of print parameters on these emission metrics were evaluated using mixed-effects models. Emissions data were used to model particle lung deposition and TVOC exposure potential. Results: Geometric mean particle yields (10 6 -10 10 particles/g printed) and sizes (30-300 nm) and TVOC yields (<detectable to 590 µg TVOC/g printed) for the toys were similar to those from 3-D printers used in workplaces. Metal emissions included manganese (1.6-92.3 ng/g printed) and lead (0.13-1.2 ng/g printed). Among toys, extruder nozzle conditions (diameter, temperature) and filament (type, color, and extrusion speed) significantly influenced particle and TVOC emissions. Dose modeling indicated that emitted particles would deposit in the lung alveoli of children. Exposure modeling indicated that TVOC concentration from use of a single toy would be 1-31 µg/m 3 in a classroom and 3-154 µg/m 3 in a residential living room. Discussion: Potential exists for inhalation of organic vapors and metal-containing particles during use of these toys. Conclusions: If deemed appropriate, e.g. where multiple toys are used in a poorly ventilated area or a toy is positioned near a child's breathing zone, control technologies should be implemented to reduce emissions and exposure risk. Fused filament fabrication "3-dimensional (3-D)" printing has expanded beyond the workplace to 3-D printers and pens for use by children as toys to create objects. Emissions from two brands of toy 3-D pens and one brand of toy 3-D printer were characterized in a 0.6 m chamber (particle number, size, elemental composition; concentrations of individual and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)). The effects of print parameters on these emission metrics were evaluated using mixed-effects models. Emissions data were used to model particle lung deposition and TVOC exposure potential. Geometric mean particle yields (10 -10 particles/g printed) and sizes (30-300 nm) and TVOC yields (<detectable to 590 µg TVOC/g printed) for the toys were similar to those from 3-D printers used in workplaces. Metal emissions included manganese (1.6-92.3 ng/g printed) and lead (0.13-1.2 ng/g printed). Among toys, extruder nozzle conditions (diameter, temperature) and filament (type, color, and extrusion speed) significantly influenced particle and TVOC emissions. Dose modeling indicated that emitted particles would deposit in the lung alveoli of children. Exposure modeling indicated that TVOC concentration from use of a single toy would be 1-31 µg/m in a classroom and 3-154 µg/m in a residential living room. Potential exists for inhalation of organic vapors and metal-containing particles during use of these toys. If deemed appropriate, e.g. where multiple toys are used in a poorly ventilated area or a toy is positioned near a child's breathing zone, control technologies should be implemented to reduce emissions and exposure risk. Fused filament fabrication “3-dimensional (3-D)” printing has expanded beyond the workplace to 3-D printers and pens for use by children as toys to create objects. Emissions from two brands of toy 3-D pens and one brand of toy 3-D printer were characterized in a 0.6 m3 chamber (particle number, size, elemental composition; concentrations of individual and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)). The effects of print parameters on these emission metrics were evaluated using mixed-effects models. Emissions data were used to model particle lung deposition and TVOC exposure potential. Geometric mean particle yields (106–1010 particles/g printed) and sizes (30–300 nm) and TVOC yields (<detectable to 590 μg TVOC/g printed) for the toys were similar to those from 3-D printers used in workplaces. Metal emissions included manganese (1.6–92.3 ng/g printed) and lead (0.13–1.2 ng/g printed). Among toys, extruder nozzle conditions (diameter, temperature) and filament (type, color, and extrusion speed) significantly influenced particle and TVOC emissions. Dose modeling indicated that emitted particles would deposit in the lung alveoli of children. Exposure modeling indicated that TVOC concentration from use of a single toy would be 1–31 μg/m3 in a classroom and 3–154 μg/m3 in a residential living room. Potential exists for inhalation of organic vapors and metal-containing particles during use of these toys. If deemed appropriate, e.g., where multiple toys are used in a poorly ventilated area or a toy is positioned near a child’s breathing zone, control technologies should be implemented to reduce emissions and exposure risk. Objective: Fused filament fabrication "3-dimensional (3-D)" printing has expanded beyond the workplace to 3-D printers and pens for use by children as toys to create objects.Materials and methods: Emissions from two brands of toy 3-D pens and one brand of toy 3-D printer were characterized in a 0.6 m3 chamber (particle number, size, elemental composition; concentrations of individual and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)). The effects of print parameters on these emission metrics were evaluated using mixed-effects models. Emissions data were used to model particle lung deposition and TVOC exposure potential.Results: Geometric mean particle yields (106-1010 particles/g printed) and sizes (30-300 nm) and TVOC yields (<detectable to 590 µg TVOC/g printed) for the toys were similar to those from 3-D printers used in workplaces. Metal emissions included manganese (1.6-92.3 ng/g printed) and lead (0.13-1.2 ng/g printed). Among toys, extruder nozzle conditions (diameter, temperature) and filament (type, color, and extrusion speed) significantly influenced particle and TVOC emissions. Dose modeling indicated that emitted particles would deposit in the lung alveoli of children. Exposure modeling indicated that TVOC concentration from use of a single toy would be 1-31 µg/m3 in a classroom and 3-154 µg/m3 in a residential living room.Discussion: Potential exists for inhalation of organic vapors and metal-containing particles during use of these toys.Conclusions: If deemed appropriate, e.g. where multiple toys are used in a poorly ventilated area or a toy is positioned near a child's breathing zone, control technologies should be implemented to reduce emissions and exposure risk.Objective: Fused filament fabrication "3-dimensional (3-D)" printing has expanded beyond the workplace to 3-D printers and pens for use by children as toys to create objects.Materials and methods: Emissions from two brands of toy 3-D pens and one brand of toy 3-D printer were characterized in a 0.6 m3 chamber (particle number, size, elemental composition; concentrations of individual and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)). The effects of print parameters on these emission metrics were evaluated using mixed-effects models. Emissions data were used to model particle lung deposition and TVOC exposure potential.Results: Geometric mean particle yields (106-1010 particles/g printed) and sizes (30-300 nm) and TVOC yields (<detectable to 590 µg TVOC/g printed) for the toys were similar to those from 3-D printers used in workplaces. Metal emissions included manganese (1.6-92.3 ng/g printed) and lead (0.13-1.2 ng/g printed). Among toys, extruder nozzle conditions (diameter, temperature) and filament (type, color, and extrusion speed) significantly influenced particle and TVOC emissions. Dose modeling indicated that emitted particles would deposit in the lung alveoli of children. Exposure modeling indicated that TVOC concentration from use of a single toy would be 1-31 µg/m3 in a classroom and 3-154 µg/m3 in a residential living room.Discussion: Potential exists for inhalation of organic vapors and metal-containing particles during use of these toys.Conclusions: If deemed appropriate, e.g. where multiple toys are used in a poorly ventilated area or a toy is positioned near a child's breathing zone, control technologies should be implemented to reduce emissions and exposure risk.
Author	Knepp, Alycia K. Burns, Dru A. Baumann, Eric J. Virji, M. Abbas Bowers, Lauren N. Martin, Stephen B. Nurkiewicz, Timothy R. LeBouf, Ryan F. Ranpara, Anand Luxton, Todd Peloquin, Derek M. Yi, Jinghai Duling, Matthew G. Stefaniak, Aleksandr B.
AuthorAffiliation	d Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830 e Pegasus Technical Services, Cincinnati, OH, 45268 c U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, 45224 a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and the Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506 b National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: b National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505 – name: d Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830 – name: a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and the Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506 – name: c U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, 45224 – name: e Pegasus Technical Services, Cincinnati, OH, 45268
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Snippet	Objective: Fused filament fabrication "3-dimensional (3-D)" printing has expanded beyond the workplace to 3-D printers and pens for use by children as toys to... Fused filament fabrication "3-dimensional (3-D)" printing has expanded beyond the workplace to 3-D printers and pens for use by children as toys to create... Fused filament fabrication “3-dimensional (3-D)” printing has expanded beyond the workplace to 3-D printers and pens for use by children as toys to create...
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SubjectTerms	3-D printing Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis Child children Environmental Monitoring - methods exposure Humans Particle Size particles Particulate Matter - analysis Play and Playthings Printing, Three-Dimensional toys volatile organic compounds Volatile Organic Compounds - analysis
Title	Particle and organic vapor emissions from children's 3-D pen and 3-D printer toys
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