Particle and organic vapor emissions from children's 3-D pen and 3-D printer toys

Objective: Fused filament fabrication "3-dimensional (3-D)" printing has expanded beyond the workplace to 3-D printers and pens for use by children as toys to create objects. Materials and methods: Emissions from two brands of toy 3-D pens and one brand of toy 3-D printer were characterize...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Inhalation toxicology Jg. 31; H. 13-14; S. 432 - 445
Hauptverfasser: Yi, Jinghai, Duling, Matthew G., Bowers, Lauren N., Knepp, Alycia K., LeBouf, Ryan F., Nurkiewicz, Timothy R., Ranpara, Anand, Luxton, Todd, Martin, Stephen B., Burns, Dru A., Peloquin, Derek M., Baumann, Eric J., Virji, M. Abbas, Stefaniak, Aleksandr B.
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: England Taylor & Francis 06.12.2019
Schlagworte:
3-D printing
Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis
Child
children
Environmental Monitoring - methods
exposure
Humans
Particle Size
particles
Particulate Matter - analysis
Play and Playthings
Printing, Three-Dimensional
toys
volatile organic compounds
Volatile Organic Compounds - analysis
3-D printing
toys
exposure
particles
children
volatile organic compounds
ISSN:0895-8378, 1091-7691, 1091-7691
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
Beschreibung
Zusammenfassung:Objective: Fused filament fabrication "3-dimensional (3-D)" printing has expanded beyond the workplace to 3-D printers and pens for use by children as toys to create objects. Materials and methods: Emissions from two brands of toy 3-D pens and one brand of toy 3-D printer were characterized in a 0.6 m 3 chamber (particle number, size, elemental composition; concentrations of individual and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC)). The effects of print parameters on these emission metrics were evaluated using mixed-effects models. Emissions data were used to model particle lung deposition and TVOC exposure potential. Results: Geometric mean particle yields (10 6 -10 10 particles/g printed) and sizes (30-300 nm) and TVOC yields (<detectable to 590 µg TVOC/g printed) for the toys were similar to those from 3-D printers used in workplaces. Metal emissions included manganese (1.6-92.3 ng/g printed) and lead (0.13-1.2 ng/g printed). Among toys, extruder nozzle conditions (diameter, temperature) and filament (type, color, and extrusion speed) significantly influenced particle and TVOC emissions. Dose modeling indicated that emitted particles would deposit in the lung alveoli of children. Exposure modeling indicated that TVOC concentration from use of a single toy would be 1-31 µg/m 3 in a classroom and 3-154 µg/m 3 in a residential living room. Discussion: Potential exists for inhalation of organic vapors and metal-containing particles during use of these toys. Conclusions: If deemed appropriate, e.g. where multiple toys are used in a poorly ventilated area or a toy is positioned near a child's breathing zone, control technologies should be implemented to reduce emissions and exposure risk.
Bibliographie:ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 23
Current address: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
ISSN:0895-8378
1091-7691
1091-7691
DOI:10.1080/08958378.2019.1705441