Different Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Asymptomatic, Mild, and Severe Cases
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, not encountered before by humans. The wide spectrum of clinical expression of SARS-CoV-2 illness suggests that individual immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 play a crucial role in determining the clinical course after first infection. Immunological studies have focused...
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| Published in: | Frontiers in immunology Vol. 11; p. 610300 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Switzerland
Frontiers Media S.A
16.12.2020
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| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 1664-3224, 1664-3224 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, not encountered before by humans. The wide spectrum of clinical expression of SARS-CoV-2 illness suggests that individual immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 play a crucial role in determining the clinical course after first infection. Immunological studies have focused on patients with moderate to severe disease, demonstrating excessive inflammation in tissues and organ damage. In order to understand the basis of the protective immune response in COVID-19, we performed a longitudinal follow-up, flow-cytometric and serological analysis of innate and adaptive immunity in
64
adults with a spectrum of clinical presentations:
28
healthy SARS-CoV-2-negative contacts of COVID-19 cases;
20
asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected cases;
eight
patients with Mild COVID-19 disease and
eight
cases of Severe COVID-19 disease. Our data show that high frequency of NK cells and early and transient increase of specific IgA, IgM and, to a lower extent, IgG are associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. By contrast, monocyte expansion and high and persistent levels of IgA and IgG, produced relatively late in the course of the infection, characterize severe disease. Modest increase of monocytes and different kinetics of antibodies are detected in mild COVID-19. The importance of innate NK cells and the short-lived antibody response of asymptomatic individuals and patients with mild disease suggest that only severe COVID-19 may result in protective memory established by the adaptive immune response. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, not encountered before by humans. The wide spectrum of clinical expression of SARS-CoV-2 illness suggests that individual immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 play a crucial role in determining the clinical course after first infection. Immunological studies have focused on patients with moderate to severe disease, demonstrating excessive inflammation in tissues and organ damage. In order to understand the basis of the protective immune response in COVID-19, we performed a longitudinal follow-up, flow-cytometric and serological analysis of innate and adaptive immunity in
adults with a spectrum of clinical presentations:
healthy SARS-CoV-2-negative contacts of COVID-19 cases;
asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected cases;
patients with Mild COVID-19 disease and
cases of Severe COVID-19 disease. Our data show that high frequency of NK cells and early and transient increase of specific IgA, IgM and, to a lower extent, IgG are associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. By contrast, monocyte expansion and high and persistent levels of IgA and IgG, produced relatively late in the course of the infection, characterize severe disease. Modest increase of monocytes and different kinetics of antibodies are detected in mild COVID-19. The importance of innate NK cells and the short-lived antibody response of asymptomatic individuals and patients with mild disease suggest that only severe COVID-19 may result in protective memory established by the adaptive immune response. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, not encountered before by humans. The wide spectrum of clinical expression of SARS-CoV-2 illness suggests that individual immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 play a crucial role in determining the clinical course after first infection. Immunological studies have focused on patients with moderate to severe disease, demonstrating excessive inflammation in tissues and organ damage. In order to understand the basis of the protective immune response in COVID-19, we performed a longitudinal follow-up, flow-cytometric and serological analysis of innate and adaptive immunity in 64 adults with a spectrum of clinical presentations: 28 healthy SARS-CoV-2-negative contacts of COVID-19 cases; 20 asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected cases; eight patients with Mild COVID-19 disease and eight cases of Severe COVID-19 disease. Our data show that high frequency of NK cells and early and transient increase of specific IgA, IgM and, to a lower extent, IgG are associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. By contrast, monocyte expansion and high and persistent levels of IgA and IgG, produced relatively late in the course of the infection, characterize severe disease. Modest increase of monocytes and different kinetics of antibodies are detected in mild COVID-19. The importance of innate NK cells and the short-lived antibody response of asymptomatic individuals and patients with mild disease suggest that only severe COVID-19 may result in protective memory established by the adaptive immune response. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, not encountered before by humans. The wide spectrum of clinical expression of SARS-CoV-2 illness suggests that individual immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 play a crucial role in determining the clinical course after first infection. Immunological studies have focused on patients with moderate to severe disease, demonstrating excessive inflammation in tissues and organ damage. In order to understand the basis of the protective immune response in COVID-19, we performed a longitudinal follow-up, flow-cytometric and serological analysis of innate and adaptive immunity in 64 adults with a spectrum of clinical presentations: 28 healthy SARS-CoV-2-negative contacts of COVID-19 cases; 20 asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected cases; eight patients with Mild COVID-19 disease and eight cases of Severe COVID-19 disease. Our data show that high frequency of NK cells and early and transient increase of specific IgA, IgM and, to a lower extent, IgG are associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. By contrast, monocyte expansion and high and persistent levels of IgA and IgG, produced relatively late in the course of the infection, characterize severe disease. Modest increase of monocytes and different kinetics of antibodies are detected in mild COVID-19. The importance of innate NK cells and the short-lived antibody response of asymptomatic individuals and patients with mild disease suggest that only severe COVID-19 may result in protective memory established by the adaptive immune response. SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, not encountered before by humans. The wide spectrum of clinical expression of SARS-CoV-2 illness suggests that individual immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 play a crucial role in determining the clinical course after first infection. Immunological studies have focused on patients with moderate to severe disease, demonstrating excessive inflammation in tissues and organ damage. In order to understand the basis of the protective immune response in COVID-19, we performed a longitudinal follow-up, flow-cytometric and serological analysis of innate and adaptive immunity in 64 adults with a spectrum of clinical presentations: 28 healthy SARS-CoV-2-negative contacts of COVID-19 cases; 20 asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected cases; eight patients with Mild COVID-19 disease and eight cases of Severe COVID-19 disease. Our data show that high frequency of NK cells and early and transient increase of specific IgA, IgM and, to a lower extent, IgG are associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. By contrast, monocyte expansion and high and persistent levels of IgA and IgG, produced relatively late in the course of the infection, characterize severe disease. Modest increase of monocytes and different kinetics of antibodies are detected in mild COVID-19. The importance of innate NK cells and the short-lived antibody response of asymptomatic individuals and patients with mild disease suggest that only severe COVID-19 may result in protective memory established by the adaptive immune response.SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, not encountered before by humans. The wide spectrum of clinical expression of SARS-CoV-2 illness suggests that individual immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 play a crucial role in determining the clinical course after first infection. Immunological studies have focused on patients with moderate to severe disease, demonstrating excessive inflammation in tissues and organ damage. In order to understand the basis of the protective immune response in COVID-19, we performed a longitudinal follow-up, flow-cytometric and serological analysis of innate and adaptive immunity in 64 adults with a spectrum of clinical presentations: 28 healthy SARS-CoV-2-negative contacts of COVID-19 cases; 20 asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected cases; eight patients with Mild COVID-19 disease and eight cases of Severe COVID-19 disease. Our data show that high frequency of NK cells and early and transient increase of specific IgA, IgM and, to a lower extent, IgG are associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. By contrast, monocyte expansion and high and persistent levels of IgA and IgG, produced relatively late in the course of the infection, characterize severe disease. Modest increase of monocytes and different kinetics of antibodies are detected in mild COVID-19. The importance of innate NK cells and the short-lived antibody response of asymptomatic individuals and patients with mild disease suggest that only severe COVID-19 may result in protective memory established by the adaptive immune response. |
| Author | Zaffina, Salvatore Locatelli, Franco Nicastri, Emanuele Camisa, Vincenzo Concato, Carlo Mirabella, Mattia Santoro, Annapaola Cimini, Eleonora Vinci, Maria Rosaria Piano Mortari, Eva Onetti Muda, Andrea Maeurer, Markus Palomba, Patrizia Carsetti, Rita Porzio, Ottavia Raponi, Massimiliano Ippolito, Giuseppe Milito, Cinzia Capponi, Claudia Marchioni, Luisa Terreri, Sara Zumla, Alimuddin Quinti, Isabella Cuccaro, Ilaria Palmieri, Fabrizio Agrati, Chiara Corrente, Francesco Cascioli, Simona Palange, Paolo Quintarelli, Concetta |
| AuthorAffiliation | 6 Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Pulmonary Division, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital , Rome , Italy 7 Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy 1 B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCSS) , Rome , Italy 8 Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London , United Kingdom 15 Medical Laboratory Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy 21 Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza, University of Rome , Rome , Italy 11 Med Clinic, University of Mainz , Mainz , Germany 16 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy 10 Immunotherapy Programme, Champalimaud Foundation , Lisbon , Portugal 12 Cellular Immunology Laboratory, INMI L Spallanzani, IRCCS , Rome , Italy 3 Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 7 Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy – name: 13 Clinical Department, INMI L Spallanzani, IRCCS , Rome , Italy – name: 1 B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCSS) , Rome , Italy – name: 20 Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy – name: 5 Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy – name: 11 Med Clinic, University of Mainz , Mainz , Germany – name: 3 Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCSS , Rome , Italy – name: 4 Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico , Rome , Italy – name: 10 Immunotherapy Programme, Champalimaud Foundation , Lisbon , Portugal – name: 8 Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London , United Kingdom – name: 16 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy – name: 6 Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Pulmonary Division, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital , Rome , Italy – name: 14 Scientific Direction, INMI L Spallanzani, IRCCS , Rome , Italy – name: 12 Cellular Immunology Laboratory, INMI L Spallanzani, IRCCS , Rome , Italy – name: 9 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , London , United Kingdom – name: 2 Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy – name: 17 Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy – name: 21 Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza, University of Rome , Rome , Italy – name: 15 Medical Laboratory Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy – name: 19 Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy – name: 18 Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital , Rome , Italy |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Rita surname: Carsetti fullname: Carsetti, Rita – sequence: 2 givenname: Salvatore surname: Zaffina fullname: Zaffina, Salvatore – sequence: 3 givenname: Eva surname: Piano Mortari fullname: Piano Mortari, Eva – sequence: 4 givenname: Sara surname: Terreri fullname: Terreri, Sara – sequence: 5 givenname: Francesco surname: Corrente fullname: Corrente, Francesco – sequence: 6 givenname: Claudia surname: Capponi fullname: Capponi, Claudia – sequence: 7 givenname: Patrizia surname: Palomba fullname: Palomba, Patrizia – sequence: 8 givenname: Mattia surname: Mirabella fullname: Mirabella, Mattia – sequence: 9 givenname: Simona surname: Cascioli fullname: Cascioli, Simona – sequence: 10 givenname: Paolo surname: Palange fullname: Palange, Paolo – sequence: 11 givenname: Ilaria surname: Cuccaro fullname: Cuccaro, Ilaria – sequence: 12 givenname: Cinzia surname: Milito fullname: Milito, Cinzia – sequence: 13 givenname: Alimuddin surname: Zumla fullname: Zumla, Alimuddin – sequence: 14 givenname: Markus surname: Maeurer fullname: Maeurer, Markus – sequence: 15 givenname: Vincenzo surname: Camisa fullname: Camisa, Vincenzo – sequence: 16 givenname: Maria Rosaria surname: Vinci fullname: Vinci, Maria Rosaria – sequence: 17 givenname: Annapaola surname: Santoro fullname: Santoro, Annapaola – sequence: 18 givenname: Eleonora surname: Cimini fullname: Cimini, Eleonora – sequence: 19 givenname: Luisa surname: Marchioni fullname: Marchioni, Luisa – sequence: 20 givenname: Emanuele surname: Nicastri fullname: Nicastri, Emanuele – sequence: 21 givenname: Fabrizio surname: Palmieri fullname: Palmieri, Fabrizio – sequence: 22 givenname: Chiara surname: Agrati fullname: Agrati, Chiara – sequence: 23 givenname: Giuseppe surname: Ippolito fullname: Ippolito, Giuseppe – sequence: 24 givenname: Ottavia surname: Porzio fullname: Porzio, Ottavia – sequence: 25 givenname: Carlo surname: Concato fullname: Concato, Carlo – sequence: 26 givenname: Andrea surname: Onetti Muda fullname: Onetti Muda, Andrea – sequence: 27 givenname: Massimiliano surname: Raponi fullname: Raponi, Massimiliano – sequence: 28 givenname: Concetta surname: Quintarelli fullname: Quintarelli, Concetta – sequence: 29 givenname: Isabella surname: Quinti fullname: Quinti, Isabella – sequence: 30 givenname: Franco surname: Locatelli fullname: Locatelli, Franco |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33391280$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2020 Carsetti, Zaffina, Piano Mortari, Terreri, Corrente, Capponi, Palomba, Mirabella, Cascioli, Palange, Cuccaro, Milito, Zumla, Maeurer, Camisa, Vinci, Santoro, Cimini, Marchioni, Nicastri, Palmieri, Agrati, Ippolito, Porzio, Concato, Onetti Muda, Raponi, Quintarelli, Quinti and Locatelli. Copyright © 2020 Carsetti, Zaffina, Piano Mortari, Terreri, Corrente, Capponi, Palomba, Mirabella, Cascioli, Palange, Cuccaro, Milito, Zumla, Maeurer, Camisa, Vinci, Santoro, Cimini, Marchioni, Nicastri, Palmieri, Agrati, Ippolito, Porzio, Concato, Onetti Muda, Raponi, Quintarelli, Quinti and Locatelli 2020 Carsetti, Zaffina, Piano Mortari, Terreri, Corrente, Capponi, Palomba, Mirabella, Cascioli, Palange, Cuccaro, Milito, Zumla, Maeurer, Camisa, Vinci, Santoro, Cimini, Marchioni, Nicastri, Palmieri, Agrati, Ippolito, Porzio, Concato, Onetti Muda, Raponi, Quintarelli, Quinti and Locatelli |
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| Keywords | COVID-19 monocytes SARS-CoV-2 NK cell innate and adaptiveimmune response antibodies B cells |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright © 2020 Carsetti, Zaffina, Piano Mortari, Terreri, Corrente, Capponi, Palomba, Mirabella, Cascioli, Palange, Cuccaro, Milito, Zumla, Maeurer, Camisa, Vinci, Santoro, Cimini, Marchioni, Nicastri, Palmieri, Agrati, Ippolito, Porzio, Concato, Onetti Muda, Raponi, Quintarelli, Quinti and Locatelli. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
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| Title | Different Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Asymptomatic, Mild, and Severe Cases |
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