Recent Advances in Glioma Therapy: Combining Vascular Normalization and Immune Checkpoint Blockade

Glioblastoma (GBM) accounts for more than 50% of all primary malignancies of the brain. Current standard treatment regimen for GBM includes maximal surgical resection followed by radiation and adjuvant chemotherapy. However, due to the heterogeneity of the tumor cells, tumor recurrence is often inev...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cancers Vol. 13; no. 15; p. 3686
Main Authors: Ho, Rachel L. Y., Ho, Ivy A. W.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Basel MDPI AG 22.07.2021
MDPI
Subjects:
Angiogenesis
Brain cancer
Brain tumors
Cancer therapies
Chemotherapy
Drug development
Genes
Glioblastoma
Glioma
Hypoxia
Immune checkpoint
Immunotherapy
Medical prognosis
Melanoma
Metabolism
Metastases
Mutation
Patients
Prognosis
Protein-tyrosine kinase
Radiation therapy
Review
Stem cells
Tumor cells
Tumors
Vascular endothelial growth factor
ISSN:2072-6694, 2072-6694
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Glioblastoma (GBM) accounts for more than 50% of all primary malignancies of the brain. Current standard treatment regimen for GBM includes maximal surgical resection followed by radiation and adjuvant chemotherapy. However, due to the heterogeneity of the tumor cells, tumor recurrence is often inevitable. The prognosis of patients with glioma is, thus, dismal. Glioma is a highly angiogenic tumor yet immunologically cold. As such, evolving studies have focused on designing strategies that specifically target the tyrosine kinase receptors of angiokines and encourage immune infiltration. Recent promising results from immunotherapies on other cancer types have prompted further investigations of this therapy in GBM. In this article, we reviewed the pathological angiogenesis and immune reactivity in glioma, as well as its target for drug development, and we discussed future directions in glioma therapy.
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ISSN:2072-6694
2072-6694
DOI:10.3390/cancers13153686