Reliability and equivalence of alternate forms for the Symbol Digit Modalities Test: implications for multiple sclerosis clinical trials

Background: Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but is seldom assessed in clinical trials investigating the effects of disease-modifying therapies. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a particularly promising tool due to its sensitivity and robust correlation with brain...

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Published in:	Multiple sclerosis Vol. 18; no. 9; pp. 1320 - 1325
Main Authors:	Benedict, Ralph HB, Smerbeck, Audrey, Parikh, Rajavi, Rodgers, Jonathan, Cadavid, Diego, Erlanger, David
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London, England SAGE Publications 01.09.2012 Sage Publications Sage Publications Ltd
Subjects:	Adult Analysis of Variance Biological and medical sciences Cognition Cognition Disorders - diagnosis Cognition Disorders - etiology Cognition Disorders - psychology Degenerative and inherited degenerative diseases of the nervous system. Leukodystrophies. Prion diseases Female Humans Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Multiple Sclerosis - complications Multiple Sclerosis - diagnosis Multiple Sclerosis - psychology Multiple sclerosis and variants. Guillain barré syndrome and other inflammatory polyneuropathies. Leukoencephalitis Neurology Neuropsychological Tests New York Predictive Value of Tests Psychometrics Reproducibility of Results Research Design New York Multiple sclerosis symptomatic treatment cognition outcome measurement Nervous system diseases Prognosis Cognition Inflammatory disease Treatment Equivalence Central nervous system disease Clinical trial Degenerative disease Reliability
ISSN:	1352-4585, 1477-0970, 1477-0970
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Abstract	Background: Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but is seldom assessed in clinical trials investigating the effects of disease-modifying therapies. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a particularly promising tool due to its sensitivity and robust correlation with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and vocational disability. Unfortunately, there are no validated alternate SDMT forms, which are needed to mitigate practice effects. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the reliability and equivalence of SDMT alternate forms. Methods: Twenty-five healthy participants completed each of five alternate versions of the SDMT – the standard form, two versions from the Rao Brief Repeatable Battery, and two forms specifically designed for this study. Order effects were controlled using a Latin-square research design. Results: All five versions of the SDMT produced mean values within 3 raw score points of one another. Three forms were very consistent, and not different by conservative statistical tests. The SDMT test–retest reliability using these forms was good to excellent, with all r values exceeding 0.80. Conclusions: For the first time, we find good evidence that at least three alternate versions of the SDMT are of equivalent difficulty in healthy adults. The forms are reliable, and can be implemented in clinical trials emphasizing cognitive outcomes.
AbstractList	Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but is seldom assessed in clinical trials investigating the effects of disease-modifying therapies. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a particularly promising tool due to its sensitivity and robust correlation with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and vocational disability. Unfortunately, there are no validated alternate SDMT forms, which are needed to mitigate practice effects. The aim of the study was to assess the reliability and equivalence of SDMT alternate forms. Twenty-five healthy participants completed each of five alternate versions of the SDMT - the standard form, two versions from the Rao Brief Repeatable Battery, and two forms specifically designed for this study. Order effects were controlled using a Latin-square research design. All five versions of the SDMT produced mean values within 3 raw score points of one another. Three forms were very consistent, and not different by conservative statistical tests. The SDMT test-retest reliability using these forms was good to excellent, with all r values exceeding 0.80. For the first time, we find good evidence that at least three alternate versions of the SDMT are of equivalent difficulty in healthy adults. The forms are reliable, and can be implemented in clinical trials emphasizing cognitive outcomes. Background: Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but is seldom assessed in clinical trials investigating the effects of disease-modifying therapies. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a particularly promising tool due to its sensitivity and robust correlation with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and vocational disability. Unfortunately, there are no validated alternate SDMT forms, which are needed to mitigate practice effects. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the reliability and equivalence of SDMT alternate forms. Methods: Twenty-five healthy participants completed each of five alternate versions of the SDMT – the standard form, two versions from the Rao Brief Repeatable Battery, and two forms specifically designed for this study. Order effects were controlled using a Latin-square research design. Results: All five versions of the SDMT produced mean values within 3 raw score points of one another. Three forms were very consistent, and not different by conservative statistical tests. The SDMT test–retest reliability using these forms was good to excellent, with all r values exceeding 0.80. Conclusions: For the first time, we find good evidence that at least three alternate versions of the SDMT are of equivalent difficulty in healthy adults. The forms are reliable, and can be implemented in clinical trials emphasizing cognitive outcomes. Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but is seldom assessed in clinical trials investigating the effects of disease-modifying therapies. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a particularly promising tool due to its sensitivity and robust correlation with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and vocational disability. Unfortunately, there are no validated alternate SDMT forms, which are needed to mitigate practice effects. The aim of the study was to assess the reliability and equivalence of SDMT alternate forms. Twenty-five healthy participants completed each of five alternate versions of the SDMT - the standard form, two versions from the Rao Brief Repeatable Battery, and two forms specifically designed for this study. Order effects were controlled using a Latin-square research design. All five versions of the SDMT produced mean values within 3 raw score points of one another. Three forms were very consistent, and not different by conservative statistical tests. The SDMT test-retest reliability using these forms was good to excellent, with all r values exceeding 0.80. For the first time, we find good evidence that at least three alternate versions of the SDMT are of equivalent difficulty in healthy adults. The forms are reliable, and can be implemented in clinical trials emphasizing cognitive outcomes. Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but is seldom assessed in clinical trials investigating the effects of disease-modifying therapies. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a particularly promising tool due to its sensitivity and robust correlation with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and vocational disability. Unfortunately, there are no validated alternate SDMT forms, which are needed to mitigate practice effects.BACKGROUNDCognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but is seldom assessed in clinical trials investigating the effects of disease-modifying therapies. The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is a particularly promising tool due to its sensitivity and robust correlation with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and vocational disability. Unfortunately, there are no validated alternate SDMT forms, which are needed to mitigate practice effects.The aim of the study was to assess the reliability and equivalence of SDMT alternate forms.OBJECTIVEThe aim of the study was to assess the reliability and equivalence of SDMT alternate forms.Twenty-five healthy participants completed each of five alternate versions of the SDMT - the standard form, two versions from the Rao Brief Repeatable Battery, and two forms specifically designed for this study. Order effects were controlled using a Latin-square research design.METHODSTwenty-five healthy participants completed each of five alternate versions of the SDMT - the standard form, two versions from the Rao Brief Repeatable Battery, and two forms specifically designed for this study. Order effects were controlled using a Latin-square research design.All five versions of the SDMT produced mean values within 3 raw score points of one another. Three forms were very consistent, and not different by conservative statistical tests. The SDMT test-retest reliability using these forms was good to excellent, with all r values exceeding 0.80.RESULTSAll five versions of the SDMT produced mean values within 3 raw score points of one another. Three forms were very consistent, and not different by conservative statistical tests. The SDMT test-retest reliability using these forms was good to excellent, with all r values exceeding 0.80.For the first time, we find good evidence that at least three alternate versions of the SDMT are of equivalent difficulty in healthy adults. The forms are reliable, and can be implemented in clinical trials emphasizing cognitive outcomes.CONCLUSIONSFor the first time, we find good evidence that at least three alternate versions of the SDMT are of equivalent difficulty in healthy adults. The forms are reliable, and can be implemented in clinical trials emphasizing cognitive outcomes.
Author	Benedict, Ralph HB Cadavid, Diego Erlanger, David Rodgers, Jonathan Smerbeck, Audrey Parikh, Rajavi
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Keywords	Multiple sclerosis symptomatic treatment cognition outcome measurement Nervous system diseases Prognosis Cognition Inflammatory disease Treatment Equivalence Central nervous system disease Clinical trial Degenerative disease Reliability
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Snippet	Background: Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but is seldom assessed in clinical trials investigating the effects of disease-modifying... Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis (MS), but is seldom assessed in clinical trials investigating the effects of disease-modifying therapies....
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SubjectTerms	Adult Analysis of Variance Biological and medical sciences Cognition Cognition Disorders - diagnosis Cognition Disorders - etiology Cognition Disorders - psychology Degenerative and inherited degenerative diseases of the nervous system. Leukodystrophies. Prion diseases Female Humans Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Multiple Sclerosis - complications Multiple Sclerosis - diagnosis Multiple Sclerosis - psychology Multiple sclerosis and variants. Guillain barré syndrome and other inflammatory polyneuropathies. Leukoencephalitis Neurology Neuropsychological Tests New York Predictive Value of Tests Psychometrics Reproducibility of Results Research Design
Title	Reliability and equivalence of alternate forms for the Symbol Digit Modalities Test: implications for multiple sclerosis clinical trials
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