cost and feasibility of marine coastal restoration

Land‐use change in the coastal zone has led to worldwide degradation of marine coastal ecosystems and a loss of the goods and services they provide. Restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed and is critical for habitats where...

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Vydáno v:Ecological applications Ročník 26; číslo 4; s. 1055 - 1074
Hlavní autoři: Bayraktarov, Elisa, Megan I. Saunders, Sabah Abdullah, Morena Mills, Jutta Beher, Hugh P. Possingham, Peter J. Mumby, Catherine E. Lovelock
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: United States John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01.06.2016
Ecological Society of America
Témata:
Australia
Brackish
coasts
Coral Reefs
cost
Cost-Benefit Analysis
developing countries
ecosystems
Environmental Monitoring
Environmental Restoration and Remediation - economics
Environmental Restoration and Remediation - methods
Europe
feasibility
land use change
Marine
marine coastal ecosystems
Models, Biological
monitoring
Oceans and Seas
oysters
rehabilitation
restoration
salt marshes
seagrasses
success and failure
synthesis
uncertainty
United States
Wetlands
Australia
United States
Europe
ANE, Europe
USA
ISSN:1051-0761, 1939-5582
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Shrnutí:Land‐use change in the coastal zone has led to worldwide degradation of marine coastal ecosystems and a loss of the goods and services they provide. Restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed and is critical for habitats where natural recovery is hindered. Uncertainties about restoration cost and feasibility can impede decisions on whether, what, how, where, and how much to restore. Here, we perform a synthesis of 235 studies with 954 observations from restoration or rehabilitation projects of coral reefs, seagrass, mangroves, saltmarshes, and oyster reefs worldwide, and evaluate cost, survival of restored organisms, project duration, area, and techniques applied. Findings showed that while the median and average reported costs for restoration of one hectare of marine coastal habitat were around US$80 000 (2010) and US$1 600 000 (2010), respectively, the real total costs (median) are likely to be two to four times higher. Coral reefs and seagrass were among the most expensive ecosystems to restore. Mangrove restoration projects were typically the largest and the least expensive per hectare. Most marine coastal restoration projects were conducted in Australia, Europe, and USA, while total restoration costs were significantly (up to 30 times) cheaper in countries with developing economies. Community‐ or volunteer‐based marine restoration projects usually have lower costs. Median survival of restored marine and coastal organisms, often assessed only within the first one to two years after restoration, was highest for saltmarshes (64.8%) and coral reefs (64.5%) and lowest for seagrass (38.0%). However, success rates reported in the scientific literature could be biased towards publishing successes rather than failures. The majority of restoration projects were short‐lived and seldom reported monitoring costs. Restoration success depended primarily on the ecosystem, site selection, and techniques applied rather than on money spent. We need enhanced investment in both improving restoration practices and large‐scale restoration.
Bibliografie:http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/15-1077
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ISSN:1051-0761
1939-5582
DOI:10.1890/15-1077