Distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and D-amphetamine in healthy subjects

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic psychedelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an empathogen, and D-amphetamine is a classic stimulant. All three substances are used recreationally. LSD and MDMA are being investigated as medications to assist psychotherapy, and D-amphetamine...

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Vydané v:	Neuropsychopharmacology (New York, N.Y.) Ročník 45; číslo 3; s. 462 - 471
Hlavní autori:	Holze, Friederike, Vizeli, Patrick, Müller, Felix, Ley, Laura, Duerig, Raoul, Varghese, Nimmy, Eckert, Anne, Borgwardt, Stefan, Liechti, Matthias E
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	England Nature Publishing Group 01.02.2020
Predmet:	Acute effects Adult Affect - drug effects Affect - physiology Amphetamines Animal behavior Anxiety Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Autonomic nervous system Blood pressure Body size Body temperature Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Central Nervous System Stimulants - administration & dosage Consciousness - drug effects Consciousness - physiology Cross-Over Studies Dextroamphetamine - administration & dosage Dissolution Double-Blind Method Double-blind studies Drug dosages Ecstasy Female Hallucinogens - administration & dosage Healthy Volunteers Heart rate Humans Hyperactivity LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide - administration & dosage Lysergide Male MDMA Middle Aged N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - administration & dosage Oxytocin Placebos Psychotherapy Retrospective Studies Time Factors
ISSN:	0893-133X, 1740-634X, 1740-634X
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Abstract	Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic psychedelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an empathogen, and D-amphetamine is a classic stimulant. All three substances are used recreationally. LSD and MDMA are being investigated as medications to assist psychotherapy, and D-amphetamine is used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. All three substances induce distinct acute subjective effects. However, differences in acute responses to these prototypical psychoactive substances have not been characterized in a controlled study. We investigated the acute autonomic, subjective, and endocrine effects of single doses of LSD (0.1 mg), MDMA (125 mg), D-amphetamine (40 mg), and placebo in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study in 28 healthy subjects. All of the substances produced comparable increases in hemodynamic effects, body temperature, and pupil size, indicating equivalent autonomic responses at the doses used. LSD and MDMA increased heart rate more than D-amphetamine, and D-amphetamine increased blood pressure more than LSD and MDMA. LSD induced significantly higher ratings on the 5 Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness scale and Mystical Experience Questionnaire than MDMA and D-amphetamine. LSD also produced greater subjective drug effects, ego dissolution, introversion, emotional excitation, anxiety, and inactivity than MDMA and D-amphetamine. LSD also induced greater impairments in subjective ratings of concentration, sense of time, and speed of thinking compared with MDMA and D-amphetamine. MDMA produced greater ratings of good drug effects, liking, high, and ego dissolution compared with D-amphetamine. D-Amphetamine increased ratings of activity and concentration compared with LSD. MDMA but not LSD or D-amphetamine increased plasma concentrations of oxytocin. None of the substances altered plasma concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. These results indicate clearly distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and D-amphetamine and may assist the dose-finding in substance-assisted psychotherapy research.
AbstractList	Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic psychedelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an empathogen, and D-amphetamine is a classic stimulant. All three substances are used recreationally. LSD and MDMA are being investigated as medications to assist psychotherapy, and D-amphetamine is used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. All three substances induce distinct acute subjective effects. However, differences in acute responses to these prototypical psychoactive substances have not been characterized in a controlled study. We investigated the acute autonomic, subjective, and endocrine effects of single doses of LSD (0.1 mg), MDMA (125 mg), D-amphetamine (40 mg), and placebo in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study in 28 healthy subjects. All of the substances produced comparable increases in hemodynamic effects, body temperature, and pupil size, indicating equivalent autonomic responses at the doses used. LSD and MDMA increased heart rate more than D-amphetamine, and D-amphetamine increased blood pressure more than LSD and MDMA. LSD induced significantly higher ratings on the 5 Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness scale and Mystical Experience Questionnaire than MDMA and D-amphetamine. LSD also produced greater subjective drug effects, ego dissolution, introversion, emotional excitation, anxiety, and inactivity than MDMA and D-amphetamine. LSD also induced greater impairments in subjective ratings of concentration, sense of time, and speed of thinking compared with MDMA and D-amphetamine. MDMA produced greater ratings of good drug effects, liking, high, and ego dissolution compared with D-amphetamine. D-Amphetamine increased ratings of activity and concentration compared with LSD. MDMA but not LSD or D-amphetamine increased plasma concentrations of oxytocin. None of the substances altered plasma concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. These results indicate clearly distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and D-amphetamine and may assist the dose-finding in substance-assisted psychotherapy research. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic psychedelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an empathogen, and D-amphetamine is a classic stimulant. All three substances are used recreationally. LSD and MDMA are being investigated as medications to assist psychotherapy, and D-amphetamine is used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. All three substances induce distinct acute subjective effects. However, differences in acute responses to these prototypical psychoactive substances have not been characterized in a controlled study. We investigated the acute autonomic, subjective, and endocrine effects of single doses of LSD (0.1 mg), MDMA (125 mg), D-amphetamine (40 mg), and placebo in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study in 28 healthy subjects. All of the substances produced comparable increases in hemodynamic effects, body temperature, and pupil size, indicating equivalent autonomic responses at the doses used. LSD and MDMA increased heart rate more than D-amphetamine, and D-amphetamine increased blood pressure more than LSD and MDMA. LSD induced significantly higher ratings on the 5 Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness scale and Mystical Experience Questionnaire than MDMA and D-amphetamine. LSD also produced greater subjective drug effects, ego dissolution, introversion, emotional excitation, anxiety, and inactivity than MDMA and D-amphetamine. LSD also induced greater impairments in subjective ratings of concentration, sense of time, and speed of thinking compared with MDMA and D-amphetamine. MDMA produced greater ratings of good drug effects, liking, high, and ego dissolution compared with D-amphetamine. D-Amphetamine increased ratings of activity and concentration compared with LSD. MDMA but not LSD or D-amphetamine increased plasma concentrations of oxytocin. None of the substances altered plasma concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. These results indicate clearly distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and D-amphetamine and may assist the dose-finding in substance-assisted psychotherapy research.Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic psychedelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an empathogen, and D-amphetamine is a classic stimulant. All three substances are used recreationally. LSD and MDMA are being investigated as medications to assist psychotherapy, and D-amphetamine is used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. All three substances induce distinct acute subjective effects. However, differences in acute responses to these prototypical psychoactive substances have not been characterized in a controlled study. We investigated the acute autonomic, subjective, and endocrine effects of single doses of LSD (0.1 mg), MDMA (125 mg), D-amphetamine (40 mg), and placebo in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study in 28 healthy subjects. All of the substances produced comparable increases in hemodynamic effects, body temperature, and pupil size, indicating equivalent autonomic responses at the doses used. LSD and MDMA increased heart rate more than D-amphetamine, and D-amphetamine increased blood pressure more than LSD and MDMA. LSD induced significantly higher ratings on the 5 Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness scale and Mystical Experience Questionnaire than MDMA and D-amphetamine. LSD also produced greater subjective drug effects, ego dissolution, introversion, emotional excitation, anxiety, and inactivity than MDMA and D-amphetamine. LSD also induced greater impairments in subjective ratings of concentration, sense of time, and speed of thinking compared with MDMA and D-amphetamine. MDMA produced greater ratings of good drug effects, liking, high, and ego dissolution compared with D-amphetamine. D-Amphetamine increased ratings of activity and concentration compared with LSD. MDMA but not LSD or D-amphetamine increased plasma concentrations of oxytocin. None of the substances altered plasma concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. These results indicate clearly distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and D-amphetamine and may assist the dose-finding in substance-assisted psychotherapy research.
Author	Duerig, Raoul Borgwardt, Stefan Eckert, Anne Liechti, Matthias E Müller, Felix Varghese, Nimmy Vizeli, Patrick Ley, Laura Holze, Friederike
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Friederike orcidid: 0000-0002-4582-6610 surname: Holze fullname: Holze, Friederike organization: Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland – sequence: 2 givenname: Patrick orcidid: 0000-0002-5954-4446 surname: Vizeli fullname: Vizeli, Patrick organization: Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland – sequence: 3 givenname: Felix surname: Müller fullname: Müller, Felix organization: Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, 4012, Switzerland – sequence: 4 givenname: Laura surname: Ley fullname: Ley, Laura organization: Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland – sequence: 5 givenname: Raoul surname: Duerig fullname: Duerig, Raoul organization: Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland – sequence: 6 givenname: Nimmy surname: Varghese fullname: Varghese, Nimmy organization: Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland – sequence: 7 givenname: Anne orcidid: 0000-0002-9341-3669 surname: Eckert fullname: Eckert, Anne organization: Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland – sequence: 8 givenname: Stefan orcidid: 0000-0002-5792-3987 surname: Borgwardt fullname: Borgwardt, Stefan organization: Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, 4012, Switzerland – sequence: 9 givenname: Matthias E orcidid: 0000-0002-1765-9659 surname: Liechti fullname: Liechti, Matthias E email: matthias.liechti@usb.ch organization: Department of Biomedicine and Department of Clinical Research, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland. matthias.liechti@usb.ch
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31733631$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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PublicationTitle	Neuropsychopharmacology (New York, N.Y.)
PublicationTitleAlternate	Neuropsychopharmacology
PublicationYear	2020
Publisher	Nature Publishing Group
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Snippet	Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic psychedelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an empathogen, and D-amphetamine is a classic stimulant.... Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic psychedelic, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is an empathogen, and d-amphetamine is a classic stimulant....
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SubjectTerms	Acute effects Adult Affect - drug effects Affect - physiology Amphetamines Animal behavior Anxiety Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Autonomic nervous system Blood pressure Body size Body temperature Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Central Nervous System Stimulants - administration & dosage Consciousness - drug effects Consciousness - physiology Cross-Over Studies Dextroamphetamine - administration & dosage Dissolution Double-Blind Method Double-blind studies Drug dosages Ecstasy Female Hallucinogens - administration & dosage Healthy Volunteers Heart rate Humans Hyperactivity LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide - administration & dosage Lysergide Male MDMA Middle Aged N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine - administration & dosage Oxytocin Placebos Psychotherapy Retrospective Studies Time Factors
Title	Distinct acute effects of LSD, MDMA, and D-amphetamine in healthy subjects
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