Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is the main representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and has been repeatedly found in the air, surface water, soil, and sediments. It is present in cigarette smoke as well as in food products, especially when smoked and grilled. Human exposure to B[a]P is the...

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Published in:International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 23; no. 11; p. 6348
Main Authors: Bukowska, Bożena, Mokra, Katarzyna, Michałowicz, Jaromir
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 06.06.2022
MDPI
Subjects:
Air pollution
Animals
Benzo(a)pyrene - toxicity
Carcinogens
Coal
COVID-19
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - genetics
DNA Adducts
Humans
Hydrocarbons
Indoor air quality
Industrial plant emissions
Lung cancer
Molecular weight
Outdoor air quality
Ovaries
Pandemics
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - metabolism
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - toxicity
Review
China
genotoxicity
metabolism
benzo[a]pyrene
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
carcinogenicity
ISSN:1422-0067, 1661-6596, 1422-0067
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Abstract Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is the main representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and has been repeatedly found in the air, surface water, soil, and sediments. It is present in cigarette smoke as well as in food products, especially when smoked and grilled. Human exposure to B[a]P is therefore common. Research shows growing evidence concerning toxic effects induced by this substance. This xenobiotic is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP P450) to carcinogenic metabolite: 7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE), which creates DNA adducts, causing mutations and malignant transformations. Moreover, B[a]P is epigenotoxic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic, and exhibits pro-oxidative potential and causes impairment of animals’ fertility. CYP P450 is strongly involved in B[a]P metabolism, and it is simultaneously expressed as a result of the association of B[a]P with aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), playing an essential role in the cancerogenic potential of various xenobiotics. In turn, polymorphism of CYP P450 genes determines the sensitivity of the organism to B[a]P. It was also observed that B[a]P facilitates the multiplication of viruses, which may be an additional problem with the widespread COVID-19 pandemic. Based on publications mainly from 2017 to 2022, this paper presents the occurrence of B[a]P in various environmental compartments and human surroundings, shows the exposure of humans to this substance, and describes the mechanisms of its toxicity.
AbstractList Benzo[ ]pyrene (B[ ]P) is the main representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and has been repeatedly found in the air, surface water, soil, and sediments. It is present in cigarette smoke as well as in food products, especially when smoked and grilled. Human exposure to B[ ]P is therefore common. Research shows growing evidence concerning toxic effects induced by this substance. This xenobiotic is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP P450) to carcinogenic metabolite: 7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[ ]pyrene (BPDE), which creates DNA adducts, causing mutations and malignant transformations. Moreover, B[ ]P is epigenotoxic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic, and exhibits pro-oxidative potential and causes impairment of animals' fertility. CYP P450 is strongly involved in B[ ]P metabolism, and it is simultaneously expressed as a result of the association of B[ ]P with aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), playing an essential role in the cancerogenic potential of various xenobiotics. In turn, polymorphism of genes determines the sensitivity of the organism to B[ ]P. It was also observed that B[ ]P facilitates the multiplication of viruses, which may be an additional problem with the widespread COVID-19 pandemic. Based on publications mainly from 2017 to 2022, this paper presents the occurrence of B[ ]P in various environmental compartments and human surroundings, shows the exposure of humans to this substance, and describes the mechanisms of its toxicity.
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is the main representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and has been repeatedly found in the air, surface water, soil, and sediments. It is present in cigarette smoke as well as in food products, especially when smoked and grilled. Human exposure to B[a]P is therefore common. Research shows growing evidence concerning toxic effects induced by this substance. This xenobiotic is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP P450) to carcinogenic metabolite: 7β,8α-dihydroxy-9α,10α-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE), which creates DNA adducts, causing mutations and malignant transformations. Moreover, B[a]P is epigenotoxic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic, and exhibits pro-oxidative potential and causes impairment of animals’ fertility. CYP P450 is strongly involved in B[a]P metabolism, and it is simultaneously expressed as a result of the association of B[a]P with aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), playing an essential role in the cancerogenic potential of various xenobiotics. In turn, polymorphism of CYP P450 genes determines the sensitivity of the organism to B[a]P. It was also observed that B[a]P facilitates the multiplication of viruses, which may be an additional problem with the widespread COVID-19 pandemic. Based on publications mainly from 2017 to 2022, this paper presents the occurrence of B[a]P in various environmental compartments and human surroundings, shows the exposure of humans to this substance, and describes the mechanisms of its toxicity.
Author Bukowska, Bożena
Mokra, Katarzyna
Michałowicz, Jaromir
AuthorAffiliation Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; katarzyna.mokra@biol.uni.lodz.pl (K.M.); jaromir.michalowicz@biol.uni.lodz.pl (J.M.)
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; katarzyna.mokra@biol.uni.lodz.pl (K.M.); jaromir.michalowicz@biol.uni.lodz.pl (J.M.)
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Bożena
  orcidid: 0000-0003-3044-2953
  surname: Bukowska
  fullname: Bukowska, Bożena
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Katarzyna
  orcidid: 0000-0002-4036-8235
  surname: Mokra
  fullname: Mokra, Katarzyna
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Jaromir
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7293-596X
  surname: Michałowicz
  fullname: Michałowicz, Jaromir
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35683027$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords genotoxicity
metabolism
benzo[a]pyrene
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
carcinogenicity
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Snippet Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is the main representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and has been repeatedly found in the air, surface water, soil,...
Benzo[ ]pyrene (B[ ]P) is the main representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and has been repeatedly found in the air, surface water, soil,...
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StartPage 6348
SubjectTerms Air pollution
Animals
Benzo(a)pyrene - toxicity
Carcinogens
Coal
COVID-19
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - genetics
DNA Adducts
Humans
Hydrocarbons
Indoor air quality
Industrial plant emissions
Lung cancer
Molecular weight
Outdoor air quality
Ovaries
Pandemics
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - metabolism
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - toxicity
Review
Title Benzo[a]pyrene—Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Mechanisms of Toxicity
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35683027
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC9181839
Volume 23
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