Enhanced FPGA-based smart power grid simulation using Heun and Piecewise analytic method

The increasing complexity of modern power systems requires engineers to design, build, and test equipment with a high degree of accuracy. The demand for precise equipment design, testing, and evaluation has reached extraordinary levels within modern power systems. To meet this challenge, engineers r...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Scientific reports Vol. 15; no. 1; pp. 32996 - 15
Main Authors: Gul, Urfa, Raza Ur Rehman, Hafiz Muhammad, Gul, Muhammad Junaid, Mezquita, Gerardo Mendez, Barrera, Alina Eugenia Pascual, Ashraf, Imran
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 26.09.2025
Nature Publishing Group
Nature Portfolio
Subjects:
639/4077
639/705/258
Alternative energy sources
Artificial intelligence
Control algorithms
Digital twins
Efficiency
Electricity distribution
Energy resources
Field programmable gate arrays
Hardware-in-the-loop systems
Humanities and Social Sciences
Literature reviews
Marking and tracking techniques
multidisciplinary
Neural networks
Online instruction
Power systems
Real time
Renewable resources
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Simulation
Smart grid
Software
Test equipment
Voltage
Smart grid
Hardware-in-the-loop systems
Power systems
ISSN:2045-2322, 2045-2322
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:The increasing complexity of modern power systems requires engineers to design, build, and test equipment with a high degree of accuracy. The demand for precise equipment design, testing, and evaluation has reached extraordinary levels within modern power systems. To meet this challenge, engineers rely heavily on real-time simulators, which are essential tools for assessing power network dynamics. This study introduces a novel approach, an adaptable and cost-effective simulator, poised to revolutionize traditional hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) systems. Leveraging field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and a comprehensive implementation of Heun and Piecewise analytic methods (PAM), provided simulator offers unparalleled capabilities for embedded real-time simulation of smart grids, ensuring swift and accurate measurements. Augmented by Python-based process simulation and integrated with industry-standard tools like Modelica and MATLAB, the proposed system promises versatility and efficiency. Through comprehensive testing, including rigorous evaluations of excitation system responses to diverse scenarios such as voltage set-point variations, automatic voltage regulator step responses, and fault conditions, we demonstrate the simulator’s robustness and precision. Experimental findings underscore its potential as an effective alternative to conventional HIL systems, marking a significant advancement in smart grid simulation technology.
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ISSN:2045-2322
2045-2322
DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-18105-8