The Human Connectome Project and beyond: Initial applications of 300mT/m gradients

The engineering of a 3T human MRI scanner equipped with 300mT/m gradients – the strongest gradients ever built for an in vivo human MRI scanner – was a major component of the NIH Blueprint Human Connectome Project (HCP). This effort was motivated by the HCP's goal of mapping, as completely as p...

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Veröffentlicht in:	NeuroImage (Orlando, Fla.) Jg. 80; S. 234 - 245
Hauptverfasser:	McNab, Jennifer A., Edlow, Brian L., Witzel, Thomas, Huang, Susie Y., Bhat, Himanshu, Heberlein, Keith, Feiweier, Thorsten, Liu, Kecheng, Keil, Boris, Cohen-Adad, Julien, Tisdall, M. Dylan, Folkerth, Rebecca D., Kinney, Hannah C., Wald, Lawrence L.
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Amsterdam Elsevier Inc 15.10.2013 Elsevier Limited
Schlagworte:	Axon diameter Brain damage Consciousness Consortia Corpus callosum Diffusion MRI Fourier transforms Human connectome In vivo Medical imaging Military personnel Neural networks Neurosciences NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Postmortem Scanners Studies Tractography Traumatic coma In vivo Human connectome Consciousness Tractography Traumatic coma Postmortem Diffusion MRI Axon diameter Corpus callosum
ISSN:	1053-8119, 1095-9572
Online-Zugang:	Volltext
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Abstract	The engineering of a 3T human MRI scanner equipped with 300mT/m gradients – the strongest gradients ever built for an in vivo human MRI scanner – was a major component of the NIH Blueprint Human Connectome Project (HCP). This effort was motivated by the HCP's goal of mapping, as completely as possible, the macroscopic structural connections of the in vivo healthy, adult human brain using diffusion tractography. Yet, the 300mT/m gradient system is well suited to many additional types of diffusion measurements. Here, we present three initial applications of the 300mT/m gradients that fall outside the immediate scope of the HCP. These include: 1) diffusion tractography to study the anatomy of consciousness and the mechanisms of brain recovery following traumatic coma; 2) q-space measurements of axon diameter distributions in the in vivo human brain and 3) postmortem diffusion tractography as an adjunct to standard histopathological analysis. We show that the improved sensitivity and diffusion-resolution provided by the gradients are rapidly enabling human applications of techniques that were previously possible only for in vitro and animal models on small-bore scanners, thereby creating novel opportunities to map the microstructure of the human brain in health and disease. •Diffusion spectrum imaging to study traumatic coma recovery•In vivo human axon diameter measurements using 300mT/m gradients•High-resolution (0.6mm isotropic) diffusion imaging in whole, fixed human brain
AbstractList	The engineering of a 3T human MRI scanner equipped with 300mT/m gradients - the strongest gradients ever built for an in vivo human MRI scanner - was a major component of the NIH Blueprint Human Connectome Project (HCP). This effort was motivated by the HCP's goal of mapping, as completely as possible, the macroscopic structural connections of the in vivo healthy, adult human brain using diffusion tractography. Yet, the 300mT/m gradient system is well suited to many additional types of diffusion measurements. Here, we present three initial applications of the 300mT/m gradients that fall outside the immediate scope of the HCP. These include: 1) diffusion tractography to study the anatomy of consciousness and the mechanisms of brain recovery following traumatic coma; 2) q-space measurements of axon diameter distributions in the in vivo human brain and 3) postmortem diffusion tractography as an adjunct to standard histopathological analysis. We show that the improved sensitivity and diffusion-resolution provided by the gradients are rapidly enabling human applications of techniques that were previously possible only for in vitro and animal models on small-bore scanners, thereby creating novel opportunities to map the microstructure of the human brain in health and disease. The engineering of a 3T human MRI scanner equipped with 300mT/m gradients – the strongest gradients ever built for an in vivo human MRI scanner – was a major component of the NIH Blueprint Human Connectome Project (HCP). This effort was motivated by the HCP's goal of mapping, as completely as possible, the macroscopic structural connections of the in vivo healthy, adult human brain using diffusion tractography. Yet, the 300mT/m gradient system is well suited to many additional types of diffusion measurements. Here, we present three initial applications of the 300mT/m gradients that fall outside the immediate scope of the HCP. These include: 1) diffusion tractography to study the anatomy of consciousness and the mechanisms of brain recovery following traumatic coma; 2) q-space measurements of axon diameter distributions in the in vivo human brain and 3) postmortem diffusion tractography as an adjunct to standard histopathological analysis. We show that the improved sensitivity and diffusion-resolution provided by the gradients are rapidly enabling human applications of techniques that were previously possible only for in vitro and animal models on small-bore scanners, thereby creating novel opportunities to map the microstructure of the human brain in health and disease. •Diffusion spectrum imaging to study traumatic coma recovery•In vivo human axon diameter measurements using 300mT/m gradients•High-resolution (0.6mm isotropic) diffusion imaging in whole, fixed human brain
Author	Bhat, Himanshu Huang, Susie Y. Witzel, Thomas Liu, Kecheng Kinney, Hannah C. Heberlein, Keith Cohen-Adad, Julien Keil, Boris Feiweier, Thorsten Wald, Lawrence L. Folkerth, Rebecca D. Tisdall, M. Dylan McNab, Jennifer A. Edlow, Brian L.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Jennifer A. surname: McNab fullname: McNab, Jennifer A. email: mcnabj@stanford.edu organization: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, R.M. Lucas Center for Imaging, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Brian L. surname: Edlow fullname: Edlow, Brian L. organization: Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Thomas surname: Witzel fullname: Witzel, Thomas organization: Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Susie Y. surname: Huang fullname: Huang, Susie Y. organization: Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Himanshu surname: Bhat fullname: Bhat, Himanshu organization: Siemens Medical Solutions, USA Inc., USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Keith surname: Heberlein fullname: Heberlein, Keith organization: Siemens Medical Solutions, USA Inc., USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Thorsten surname: Feiweier fullname: Feiweier, Thorsten organization: Siemens AG, Healthcare Sector, Erlangen, Germany – sequence: 8 givenname: Kecheng surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Kecheng organization: Siemens Medical Solutions, USA Inc., USA – sequence: 9 givenname: Boris surname: Keil fullname: Keil, Boris organization: Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: Julien surname: Cohen-Adad fullname: Cohen-Adad, Julien organization: Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada – sequence: 11 givenname: M. Dylan surname: Tisdall fullname: Tisdall, M. Dylan organization: Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 12 givenname: Rebecca D. surname: Folkerth fullname: Folkerth, Rebecca D. organization: Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 13 givenname: Hannah C. surname: Kinney fullname: Kinney, Hannah C. organization: Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 14 givenname: Lawrence L. surname: Wald fullname: Wald, Lawrence L. organization: Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA
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ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	2013 Elsevier Inc. Copyright Elsevier Limited Oct 15, 2013
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Snippet	The engineering of a 3T human MRI scanner equipped with 300mT/m gradients – the strongest gradients ever built for an in vivo human MRI scanner – was a major... The engineering of a 3T human MRI scanner equipped with 300mT/m gradients - the strongest gradients ever built for an in vivo human MRI scanner - was a major...
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SubjectTerms	Axon diameter Brain damage Consciousness Consortia Corpus callosum Diffusion MRI Fourier transforms Human connectome In vivo Medical imaging Military personnel Neural networks Neurosciences NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Postmortem Scanners Studies Tractography Traumatic coma
Title	The Human Connectome Project and beyond: Initial applications of 300mT/m gradients
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