The role of weak interactions in evaluation of inhibitory potential of Indinavir as an HIV protease inhibitor and its comparison with innovative drug candidates

Designing and employing enzyme inhibitors against viral enzymes is one of the innovative and efficient approaches to treating viral diseases. These inhibitors can disrupt the viral replication cycle by deactivating vital enzymes, thereby curbing the spread of viral infections by reducing their popul...

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Vydané v:Computers in biology and medicine Ročník 187; s. 109675
Hlavní autori: Yoosefian, Mehdi, Sabaghian, Hanieh
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:English
Vydavateľské údaje: United States Elsevier Ltd 01.03.2025
Elsevier Limited
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ISSN:0010-4825, 1879-0534, 1879-0534
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Abstract Designing and employing enzyme inhibitors against viral enzymes is one of the innovative and efficient approaches to treating viral diseases. These inhibitors can disrupt the viral replication cycle by deactivating vital enzymes, thereby curbing the spread of viral infections by reducing their population. So far, inhibitors have been designed, validated, and introduced for these enzymes. In this study, we designed the drug Indinavir and 20 analogs using Hartree-Fock and DFT methods to enhance the design of more potent protease enzyme inhibitors. Frequency calculations were performed at similar computational levels for all examined drugs and their designed analogs, revealing no negative frequencies. The Pharmacokinetics of the inhibitors were assessed, and inhibitors were screened, with those exhibiting minimal toxicity introduced as drug candidates for further evaluation. The best binding mode of Indinavir and the designed drugs at the protein binding site were determined using molecular docking studies. For the IND20 inhibitor with the best binding mode, an energy of −13.03 (kcal/mol) was reported. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory mechanism of the recommended inhibitor on the protease enzyme. The relevant analyses during the simulation period showed that the designed drug IND20 exhibited better performance in inhibiting the HIV-1 protease enzyme compared to Indinavir. [Display omitted] •The role of weak interactions such as hydrogen bonding in inhibitory ability have been investigated completely.•The study focuses on the design and validation of protease enzyme inhibitors, highlighting Indinavir and its analogs.•Pharmacokinetics was assessed, and minimally toxic inhibitors were selected as candidates for further drug development.
AbstractList Designing and employing enzyme inhibitors against viral enzymes is one of the innovative and efficient approaches to treating viral diseases. These inhibitors can disrupt the viral replication cycle by deactivating vital enzymes, thereby curbing the spread of viral infections by reducing their population. So far, inhibitors have been designed, validated, and introduced for these enzymes. In this study, we designed the drug Indinavir and 20 analogs using Hartree-Fock and DFT methods to enhance the design of more potent protease enzyme inhibitors. Frequency calculations were performed at similar computational levels for all examined drugs and their designed analogs, revealing no negative frequencies. The Pharmacokinetics of the inhibitors were assessed, and inhibitors were screened, with those exhibiting minimal toxicity introduced as drug candidates for further evaluation. The best binding mode of Indinavir and the designed drugs at the protein binding site were determined using molecular docking studies. For the IND20 inhibitor with the best binding mode, an energy of −13.03 (kcal/mol) was reported. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory mechanism of the recommended inhibitor on the protease enzyme. The relevant analyses during the simulation period showed that the designed drug IND20 exhibited better performance in inhibiting the HIV-1 protease enzyme compared to Indinavir.
Designing and employing enzyme inhibitors against viral enzymes is one of the innovative and efficient approaches to treating viral diseases. These inhibitors can disrupt the viral replication cycle by deactivating vital enzymes, thereby curbing the spread of viral infections by reducing their population. So far, inhibitors have been designed, validated, and introduced for these enzymes. In this study, we designed the drug Indinavir and 20 analogs using Hartree-Fock and DFT methods to enhance the design of more potent protease enzyme inhibitors. Frequency calculations were performed at similar computational levels for all examined drugs and their designed analogs, revealing no negative frequencies. The Pharmacokinetics of the inhibitors were assessed, and inhibitors were screened, with those exhibiting minimal toxicity introduced as drug candidates for further evaluation. The best binding mode of Indinavir and the designed drugs at the protein binding site were determined using molecular docking studies. For the IND20 inhibitor with the best binding mode, an energy of -13.03 (kcal/mol) was reported. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory mechanism of the recommended inhibitor on the protease enzyme. The relevant analyses during the simulation period showed that the designed drug IND20 exhibited better performance in inhibiting the HIV-1 protease enzyme compared to Indinavir.Designing and employing enzyme inhibitors against viral enzymes is one of the innovative and efficient approaches to treating viral diseases. These inhibitors can disrupt the viral replication cycle by deactivating vital enzymes, thereby curbing the spread of viral infections by reducing their population. So far, inhibitors have been designed, validated, and introduced for these enzymes. In this study, we designed the drug Indinavir and 20 analogs using Hartree-Fock and DFT methods to enhance the design of more potent protease enzyme inhibitors. Frequency calculations were performed at similar computational levels for all examined drugs and their designed analogs, revealing no negative frequencies. The Pharmacokinetics of the inhibitors were assessed, and inhibitors were screened, with those exhibiting minimal toxicity introduced as drug candidates for further evaluation. The best binding mode of Indinavir and the designed drugs at the protein binding site were determined using molecular docking studies. For the IND20 inhibitor with the best binding mode, an energy of -13.03 (kcal/mol) was reported. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory mechanism of the recommended inhibitor on the protease enzyme. The relevant analyses during the simulation period showed that the designed drug IND20 exhibited better performance in inhibiting the HIV-1 protease enzyme compared to Indinavir.
Designing and employing enzyme inhibitors against viral enzymes is one of the innovative and efficient approaches to treating viral diseases. These inhibitors can disrupt the viral replication cycle by deactivating vital enzymes, thereby curbing the spread of viral infections by reducing their population. So far, inhibitors have been designed, validated, and introduced for these enzymes. In this study, we designed the drug Indinavir and 20 analogs using Hartree-Fock and DFT methods to enhance the design of more potent protease enzyme inhibitors. Frequency calculations were performed at similar computational levels for all examined drugs and their designed analogs, revealing no negative frequencies. The Pharmacokinetics of the inhibitors were assessed, and inhibitors were screened, with those exhibiting minimal toxicity introduced as drug candidates for further evaluation. The best binding mode of Indinavir and the designed drugs at the protein binding site were determined using molecular docking studies. For the IND20 inhibitor with the best binding mode, an energy of −13.03 (kcal/mol) was reported. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory mechanism of the recommended inhibitor on the protease enzyme. The relevant analyses during the simulation period showed that the designed drug IND20 exhibited better performance in inhibiting the HIV-1 protease enzyme compared to Indinavir. [Display omitted] •The role of weak interactions such as hydrogen bonding in inhibitory ability have been investigated completely.•The study focuses on the design and validation of protease enzyme inhibitors, highlighting Indinavir and its analogs.•Pharmacokinetics was assessed, and minimally toxic inhibitors were selected as candidates for further drug development.
Designing and employing enzyme inhibitors against viral enzymes is one of the innovative and efficient approaches to treating viral diseases. These inhibitors can disrupt the viral replication cycle by deactivating vital enzymes, thereby curbing the spread of viral infections by reducing their population. So far, inhibitors have been designed, validated, and introduced for these enzymes. In this study, we designed the drug Indinavir and 20 analogs using Hartree-Fock and DFT methods to enhance the design of more potent protease enzyme inhibitors. Frequency calculations were performed at similar computational levels for all examined drugs and their designed analogs, revealing no negative frequencies. The Pharmacokinetics of the inhibitors were assessed, and inhibitors were screened, with those exhibiting minimal toxicity introduced as drug candidates for further evaluation. The best binding mode of Indinavir and the designed drugs at the protein binding site were determined using molecular docking studies. For the IND20 inhibitor with the best binding mode, an energy of -13.03 (kcal/mol) was reported. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory mechanism of the recommended inhibitor on the protease enzyme. The relevant analyses during the simulation period showed that the designed drug IND20 exhibited better performance in inhibiting the HIV-1 protease enzyme compared to Indinavir.
AbstractDesigning and employing enzyme inhibitors against viral enzymes is one of the innovative and efficient approaches to treating viral diseases. These inhibitors can disrupt the viral replication cycle by deactivating vital enzymes, thereby curbing the spread of viral infections by reducing their population. So far, inhibitors have been designed, validated, and introduced for these enzymes. In this study, we designed the drug Indinavir and 20 analogs using Hartree-Fock and DFT methods to enhance the design of more potent protease enzyme inhibitors. Frequency calculations were performed at similar computational levels for all examined drugs and their designed analogs, revealing no negative frequencies. The Pharmacokinetics of the inhibitors were assessed, and inhibitors were screened, with those exhibiting minimal toxicity introduced as drug candidates for further evaluation. The best binding mode of Indinavir and the designed drugs at the protein binding site were determined using molecular docking studies. For the IND20 inhibitor with the best binding mode, an energy of −13.03 (kcal/mol) was reported. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory mechanism of the recommended inhibitor on the protease enzyme. The relevant analyses during the simulation period showed that the designed drug IND20 exhibited better performance in inhibiting the HIV-1 protease enzyme compared to Indinavir.
ArticleNumber 109675
Author Sabaghian, Hanieh
Yoosefian, Mehdi
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Keywords Drug design
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Pharmacokinetics
HIV protease enzyme
Indinavir
Language English
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Snippet Designing and employing enzyme inhibitors against viral enzymes is one of the innovative and efficient approaches to treating viral diseases. These inhibitors...
AbstractDesigning and employing enzyme inhibitors against viral enzymes is one of the innovative and efficient approaches to treating viral diseases. These...
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StartPage 109675
SubjectTerms Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
AIDS
Analogs
Antiretroviral drugs
Atoms & subatomic particles
Binding Sites
Bioavailability
Design
Design improvements
Drug design
Drug development
Drugs
Energy
Enzymes
FDA approval
Genetic algorithms
HIV
HIV Protease - chemistry
HIV Protease - metabolism
HIV protease enzyme
HIV Protease Inhibitors - chemistry
HIV Protease Inhibitors - pharmacokinetics
HIV Protease Inhibitors - pharmacology
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
Immune system
Indinavir
Indinavir - analogs & derivatives
Indinavir - chemistry
Indinavir - pharmacokinetics
Indinavir - pharmacology
Internal Medicine
Ligands
Molecular docking
Molecular Docking Simulation
Molecular dynamics
Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Optimization
Other
Performance evaluation
Pharmacokinetics
Protease
Protease inhibitors
Proteinase inhibitors
Proteins
Quantum physics
Simulation
Toxicity
Viral diseases
Title The role of weak interactions in evaluation of inhibitory potential of Indinavir as an HIV protease inhibitor and its comparison with innovative drug candidates
URI https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S0010482525000253
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https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.109675
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39879882
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https://www.proquest.com/docview/3161519479
Volume 187
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