Predicting the fire resistance of timber members loaded in tension
SUMMARY The paper presents a numerical model for predicting the fire resistance of timber members. Fire resistance is evaluated in a two‐step process implemented in the Abaqus finite element code: first, a time‐dependent thermal analysis of the member exposed to fire and then a structural analysis u...
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| Vydáno v: | Fire and materials Ročník 37; číslo 2; s. 114 - 129 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Chichester, UK
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
01.03.2013
Wiley Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
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| ISSN: | 0308-0501, 1099-1018 |
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| Abstract | SUMMARY
The paper presents a numerical model for predicting the fire resistance of timber members. Fire resistance is evaluated in a two‐step process implemented in the Abaqus finite element code: first, a time‐dependent thermal analysis of the member exposed to fire and then a structural analysis under a constant load are performed. The structural analysis considers the reduction in mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and strength) of timber with temperature. The analysis terminates when the member can no longer redistribute stresses from the hottest to the coldest parts, leading to structural failure. The model was used to simulate fire tests carried out on specimens made from laminated veneer lumber loaded in tension. Experimental data in terms of temperature, charring depth, displacement and failure time were compared with the numerical results obtained by assuming the thermal properties and degradation of mechanical properties with temperature as suggested by Eurocode 5, showing an overall acceptable approximation. The fire resistance of the timber member was then predicted depending upon the applied tensile loads using the numerical model and analytical formulas. The proposed finite element model can be used to predict the fire resistance of timber structures as an alternative to expensive and complicated experimental tests. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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| AbstractList | SUMMARY
The paper presents a numerical model for predicting the fire resistance of timber members. Fire resistance is evaluated in a two‐step process implemented in the Abaqus finite element code: first, a time‐dependent thermal analysis of the member exposed to fire and then a structural analysis under a constant load are performed. The structural analysis considers the reduction in mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and strength) of timber with temperature. The analysis terminates when the member can no longer redistribute stresses from the hottest to the coldest parts, leading to structural failure. The model was used to simulate fire tests carried out on specimens made from laminated veneer lumber loaded in tension. Experimental data in terms of temperature, charring depth, displacement and failure time were compared with the numerical results obtained by assuming the thermal properties and degradation of mechanical properties with temperature as suggested by Eurocode 5, showing an overall acceptable approximation. The fire resistance of the timber member was then predicted depending upon the applied tensile loads using the numerical model and analytical formulas. The proposed finite element model can be used to predict the fire resistance of timber structures as an alternative to expensive and complicated experimental tests. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. SUMMARY The paper presents a numerical model for predicting the fire resistance of timber members. Fire resistance is evaluated in a two-step process implemented in the Abaqus finite element code: first, a time-dependent thermal analysis of the member exposed to fire and then a structural analysis under a constant load are performed. The structural analysis considers the reduction in mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and strength) of timber with temperature. The analysis terminates when the member can no longer redistribute stresses from the hottest to the coldest parts, leading to structural failure. The model was used to simulate fire tests carried out on specimens made from laminated veneer lumber loaded in tension. Experimental data in terms of temperature, charring depth, displacement and failure time were compared with the numerical results obtained by assuming the thermal properties and degradation of mechanical properties with temperature as suggested by Eurocode 5, showing an overall acceptable approximation. The fire resistance of the timber member was then predicted depending upon the applied tensile loads using the numerical model and analytical formulas. The proposed finite element model can be used to predict the fire resistance of timber structures as an alternative to expensive and complicated experimental tests. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] SUMMARY The paper presents a numerical model for predicting the fire resistance of timber members. Fire resistance is evaluated in a two-step process implemented in the Abaqus finite element code: first, a time-dependent thermal analysis of the member exposed to fire and then a structural analysis under a constant load are performed. The structural analysis considers the reduction in mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and strength) of timber with temperature. The analysis terminates when the member can no longer redistribute stresses from the hottest to the coldest parts, leading to structural failure. The model was used to simulate fire tests carried out on specimens made from laminated veneer lumber loaded in tension. Experimental data in terms of temperature, charring depth, displacement and failure time were compared with the numerical results obtained by assuming the thermal properties and degradation of mechanical properties with temperature as suggested by Eurocode 5, showing an overall acceptable approximation. The fire resistance of the timber member was then predicted depending upon the applied tensile loads using the numerical model and analytical formulas. The proposed finite element model can be used to predict the fire resistance of timber structures as an alternative to expensive and complicated experimental tests. Copyright [copy 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The paper presents a numerical model for predicting the fire resistance of timber members. Fire resistance is evaluated in a two‐step process implemented in the Abaqus finite element code: first, a time‐dependent thermal analysis of the member exposed to fire and then a structural analysis under a constant load are performed. The structural analysis considers the reduction in mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and strength) of timber with temperature. The analysis terminates when the member can no longer redistribute stresses from the hottest to the coldest parts, leading to structural failure. The model was used to simulate fire tests carried out on specimens made from laminated veneer lumber loaded in tension. Experimental data in terms of temperature, charring depth, displacement and failure time were compared with the numerical results obtained by assuming the thermal properties and degradation of mechanical properties with temperature as suggested by Eurocode 5, showing an overall acceptable approximation. The fire resistance of the timber member was then predicted depending upon the applied tensile loads using the numerical model and analytical formulas. The proposed finite element model can be used to predict the fire resistance of timber structures as an alternative to expensive and complicated experimental tests. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
| Author | Buchanan, Andrew H. De Nicolo, Barbara Moss, Peter J. Clemente, Isaia Menis, Agnese Fragiacomo, Massimo |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Massimo surname: Fragiacomo fullname: Fragiacomo, Massimo organization: Department of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning, University of Sassari, Alghero, Italy – sequence: 2 givenname: Agnese surname: Menis fullname: Menis, Agnese email: Correspondence to: Agnese Menis, Department of Structural Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy., ag.menis@gmail.com organization: Department of Structural Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy – sequence: 3 givenname: Peter J. surname: Moss fullname: Moss, Peter J. organization: Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand – sequence: 4 givenname: Isaia surname: Clemente fullname: Clemente, Isaia organization: Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy – sequence: 5 givenname: Andrew H. surname: Buchanan fullname: Buchanan, Andrew H. organization: Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand – sequence: 6 givenname: Barbara surname: De Nicolo fullname: De Nicolo, Barbara organization: Department of Structural Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy |
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| Keywords | Wood Construction materials Combustion Wood construction Experimental study Forecast model Modeling Building functional element Finite element method Fire resistance experimental testing Abaqus finite element model Fire test charring Numerical simulation Thermal analysis timber thermal-structural analysis Comparative study Structural analysis |
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| References | Frangi A, Fontana M. Charring rates and temperature profiles of wood sections. Fire and Materials 2003; 27(2):91-102. DOI: 10.1002/fam.819 Yang T-H, Wang S-Y, Tsai M-J, Lin C-Y. The charring depth and charring rate of glued laminated timber after a standard fire exposure test. Building and Environment 2009; 44(2):231-236. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.02.010 Buchanan AH. Structural design for fire safety. Wiley: Chichester, U.K., 2002. Frangi A, König J. Effect of increased charring on the narrow side of rectangular timber cross-sections exposed to fire on three or four sides. Fire and Materials 2011. DOI: 10.1002/fam.1078 Fragiacomo M, Menis A, Moss PJ, Buchanan AH, Clemente I. Numerical and experimental evaluation of the temperature distribution within laminated veneer lumber (LVL) exposed to fire. Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 2010; 1(3):145-159. DOI: 10.1260/2040-2317.1.3.145 Janssens ML. Modeling of the thermal degradation of structural wood members exposed to fire. Fire and Materials 2004; 28(2-4):199-207. DOI: 10.1002/fam.848 ISO 834-1. Fire-resistance tests. Elements of building construction. - Part 1: General requirements. International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1999. Cachim PB, Franssen J-M. Comparison between the charring rate model and the conductive model of Eurocode 5. Fire and Materials 2009; 33(3):129-143. DOI: 10.1002/fam.985 Cachim PB, Franssen J-M. Assessment of Eurocode 5 charring rate calculation methods. Fire Technology 2010; 46(1):169-181. DOI: 10.1007/s10694-009-0092-x König J. Effective thermal actions and thermal properties of timber members in natural fires. Fire and Materials 2006; 30(1):51-63. DOI: 10.1002/fam.898 O'Neill J, Carradine D, Moss PJ, Fragiacomo M, Dhakal R, Buchanan AH. Design of timber-concrete composite floors for fire resistance. Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 2011; 2(3):231-242. DOI: 10.1260/2040-2317.2.3.231 König J. Structural fire design according to Eurocode 5-design rules and their background. Fire and Materials 2005; 29(3):147-163. DOI: 10.1002/fam.873 Hopkin DJ, El-Rimawi J, Silberschmidt V, Lennon T. An effective thermal property framework for softwood in parametric design fire: comparison of the Eurocode 5 parametric charring approach and advanced calculation models. Construction and Building Materials 2011; 25(5):2584-2595. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.002 SNZ. 1993. Code of practice for timber design. NZS 3603:1993. Standards New Zealand: Wellington, New Zealand, 1993. Moss PJ, Buchanan AH, Fragiacomo M, Lau PH, Chuo T. Fire performance of bolted connections in laminated veneer lumber. Fire and Materials 2009; 33(5):223-243. DOI: 10.1002/fam.999 2009; 33 2009; 44 2006; 30 2010; 1 2011; 2 2010; 46 2001 2011 2010 2004; 28 2009 2008 2003; 27 2006 2005 2004 1993 2003 2002 2011; 25 2005; 29 1999 e_1_2_9_30_1 e_1_2_9_31_1 e_1_2_9_11_1 e_1_2_9_34_1 e_1_2_9_35_1 e_1_2_9_13_1 e_1_2_9_32_1 e_1_2_9_12_1 e_1_2_9_33_1 e_1_2_9_15_1 e_1_2_9_14_1 e_1_2_9_17_1 e_1_2_9_16_1 e_1_2_9_19_1 e_1_2_9_18_1 ISO 834‐1 (e_1_2_9_21_1) 1999 e_1_2_9_20_1 e_1_2_9_22_1 e_1_2_9_24_1 e_1_2_9_23_1 e_1_2_9_8_1 e_1_2_9_7_1 e_1_2_9_6_1 e_1_2_9_5_1 e_1_2_9_3_1 e_1_2_9_2_1 Buchanan AH (e_1_2_9_4_1) 2002 e_1_2_9_9_1 e_1_2_9_26_1 SNZ (e_1_2_9_10_1) 1993 e_1_2_9_25_1 e_1_2_9_28_1 e_1_2_9_27_1 e_1_2_9_29_1 |
| References_xml | – reference: Frangi A, König J. Effect of increased charring on the narrow side of rectangular timber cross-sections exposed to fire on three or four sides. Fire and Materials 2011. DOI: 10.1002/fam.1078 – reference: Fragiacomo M, Menis A, Moss PJ, Buchanan AH, Clemente I. Numerical and experimental evaluation of the temperature distribution within laminated veneer lumber (LVL) exposed to fire. Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 2010; 1(3):145-159. DOI: 10.1260/2040-2317.1.3.145 – reference: König J. Structural fire design according to Eurocode 5-design rules and their background. Fire and Materials 2005; 29(3):147-163. DOI: 10.1002/fam.873 – reference: Frangi A, Fontana M. Charring rates and temperature profiles of wood sections. Fire and Materials 2003; 27(2):91-102. DOI: 10.1002/fam.819 – reference: ISO 834-1. Fire-resistance tests. Elements of building construction. - Part 1: General requirements. International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1999. – reference: Janssens ML. Modeling of the thermal degradation of structural wood members exposed to fire. Fire and Materials 2004; 28(2-4):199-207. DOI: 10.1002/fam.848 – reference: SNZ. 1993. Code of practice for timber design. NZS 3603:1993. Standards New Zealand: Wellington, New Zealand, 1993. – reference: Cachim PB, Franssen J-M. Assessment of Eurocode 5 charring rate calculation methods. Fire Technology 2010; 46(1):169-181. DOI: 10.1007/s10694-009-0092-x – reference: Cachim PB, Franssen J-M. Comparison between the charring rate model and the conductive model of Eurocode 5. Fire and Materials 2009; 33(3):129-143. DOI: 10.1002/fam.985 – reference: König J. Effective thermal actions and thermal properties of timber members in natural fires. Fire and Materials 2006; 30(1):51-63. DOI: 10.1002/fam.898 – reference: Moss PJ, Buchanan AH, Fragiacomo M, Lau PH, Chuo T. Fire performance of bolted connections in laminated veneer lumber. Fire and Materials 2009; 33(5):223-243. DOI: 10.1002/fam.999 – reference: O'Neill J, Carradine D, Moss PJ, Fragiacomo M, Dhakal R, Buchanan AH. Design of timber-concrete composite floors for fire resistance. Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 2011; 2(3):231-242. DOI: 10.1260/2040-2317.2.3.231 – reference: Hopkin DJ, El-Rimawi J, Silberschmidt V, Lennon T. An effective thermal property framework for softwood in parametric design fire: comparison of the Eurocode 5 parametric charring approach and advanced calculation models. Construction and Building Materials 2011; 25(5):2584-2595. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.002 – reference: Yang T-H, Wang S-Y, Tsai M-J, Lin C-Y. The charring depth and charring rate of glued laminated timber after a standard fire exposure test. Building and Environment 2009; 44(2):231-236. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.02.010 – reference: Buchanan AH. Structural design for fire safety. Wiley: Chichester, U.K., 2002. – volume: 44 start-page: 231 issue: 2 year: 2009 end-page: 236 article-title: The charring depth and charring rate of glued laminated timber after a standard fire exposure test publication-title: Building and Environment – year: 2009 – year: 2011 article-title: Effect of increased charring on the narrow side of rectangular timber cross‐sections exposed to fire on three or four sides publication-title: Fire and Materials – volume: 30 start-page: 51 issue: 1 year: 2006 end-page: 63 article-title: Effective thermal actions and thermal properties of timber members in natural fires publication-title: Fire and Materials – year: 2005 – year: 2002 – volume: 33 start-page: 223 issue: 5 year: 2009 end-page: 243 article-title: Fire performance of bolted connections in laminated veneer lumber publication-title: Fire and Materials – year: 2001 – year: 2008 – year: 2006 – year: 2004 – year: 2003 – volume: 28 start-page: 199 issue: 2–4 year: 2004 end-page: 207 article-title: Modeling of the thermal degradation of structural wood members exposed to fire publication-title: Fire and Materials – volume: 29 start-page: 147 issue: 3 year: 2005 end-page: 163 article-title: Structural fire design according to Eurocode 5—design rules and their background publication-title: Fire and Materials – volume: 27 start-page: 91 issue: 2 year: 2003 end-page: 102 article-title: Charring rates and temperature profiles of wood sections publication-title: Fire and Materials – volume: 25 start-page: 2584 issue: 5 year: 2011 end-page: 2595 article-title: An effective thermal property framework for softwood in parametric design fire: comparison of the Eurocode 5 parametric charring approach and advanced calculation models publication-title: Construction and Building Materials – volume: 2 start-page: 231 issue: 3 year: 2011 end-page: 242 article-title: Design of timber–concrete composite floors for fire resistance publication-title: Journal of Structural Fire Engineering – year: 1993 – volume: 1 start-page: 145 issue: 3 year: 2010 end-page: 159 article-title: Numerical and experimental evaluation of the temperature distribution within laminated veneer lumber (LVL) exposed to fire publication-title: Journal of Structural Fire Engineering – volume: 33 start-page: 129 issue: 3 year: 2009 end-page: 143 article-title: Comparison between the charring rate model and the conductive model of Eurocode 5 publication-title: Fire and Materials – start-page: 223 year: 2002 end-page: 242 – year: 2010 – year: 1999 – volume: 46 start-page: 169 issue: 1 year: 2010 end-page: 181 article-title: Assessment of Eurocode 5 charring rate calculation methods publication-title: Fire Technology – volume-title: Structural design for fire safety year: 2002 ident: e_1_2_9_4_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_29_1 doi: 10.1260/2040‐2317.2.3.231 – ident: e_1_2_9_14_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_33_1 doi: 10.1002/fam.1078 – ident: e_1_2_9_28_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_3_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_6_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_25_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_7_1 doi: 10.1002/fam.898 – ident: e_1_2_9_20_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_16_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_19_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_34_1 doi: 10.1007/s10694‐009‐0092‐x – ident: e_1_2_9_13_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_17_1 doi: 10.1002/fam.999 – ident: e_1_2_9_32_1 – volume-title: Code of practice for timber design. 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The paper presents a numerical model for predicting the fire resistance of timber members. Fire resistance is evaluated in a two‐step process... The paper presents a numerical model for predicting the fire resistance of timber members. Fire resistance is evaluated in a two‐step process implemented in... SUMMARY The paper presents a numerical model for predicting the fire resistance of timber members. Fire resistance is evaluated in a two-step process... |
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| SubjectTerms | Abaqus Applied sciences Building codes Building insulation Building structure Buildings Buildings. Public works charring Computation methods. Tables. Charts Computer simulation Construction (buildings and works) Exact sciences and technology experimental testing External envelopes Finite element method finite element model Fire resistance Fires Lumber Materials Mathematical analysis Mathematical models Mechanical properties Sound insulation Structural analysis Structural analysis. Stresses Thermal analysis Thermal properties thermal-structural analysis Timber Wood Wood structure |
| Title | Predicting the fire resistance of timber members loaded in tension |
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