Firearm Ownership and Suicide Rates Among US Men and Women, 1981–2013

Objectives. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013. Methods. We used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and...

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Published in:	American journal of public health (1971) Vol. 106; no. 7; pp. 1316 - 1322
Main Authors:	Siegel, Michael, Rothman, Emily F.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States American Public Health Association 01.07.2016
Subjects:	AJPH Research Clustering Epidemiology Female Females Firearm laws & regulations Firearms Firearms - legislation & jurisprudence Firearms - statistics & numerical data Gender Gender relations Households Humans Injury/Emergency Care/Violence Linear Models Male Males Ownership Panel data Public health Regression analysis Sex Distribution States Studies Suicide Suicide - statistics & numerical data Suicides & suicide attempts United States Variables United States > US
ISSN:	0090-0036, 1541-0048
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Abstract	Objectives. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013. Methods. We used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and firearm suicide rates and a proxy for state-level household firearm ownership. We analyzed data by using linear regression and generalized estimating equations to account for clustering. Results. State-level firearm ownership was associated with an increase in both male and female firearm-related suicide rates and with a decrease in nonfirearm-related suicide rates. Higher gun ownership was associated with higher suicide rates by any means among male, but not among female, persons. Conclusions. We found a strong relationship between state-level firearm ownership and firearm suicide rates among both genders, and a relationship between firearm ownership and suicides by any means among male, but not female, individuals. Policy implications. For male persons, policies that reduce firearm ownership will likely reduce suicides by all means and by firearms. For female persons, such policies will likely reduce suicides by firearms.
AbstractList	Objectives. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013. Methods. We used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and firearm suicide rates and a proxy for state-level household firearm ownership. We analyzed data by using linear regression and generalized estimating equations to account for clustering. Results. State-level firearm ownership was associated with an increase in both male and female firearm-related suicide rates and with a decrease in nonfirearm-related suicide rates. Higher gun ownership was associated with higher suicide rates by any means among male, but not among female, persons. Conclusions. We found a strong relationship between state-level firearm ownership and firearm suicide rates among both genders, and a relationship between firearm ownership and suicides by any means among male, but not female, individuals. Policy implications. For male persons, policies that reduce firearm ownership will likely reduce suicides by all means and by firearms. For female persons, such policies will likely reduce suicides by firearms. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013. We used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and firearm suicide rates and a proxy for state-level household firearm ownership. We analyzed data by using linear regression and generalized estimating equations to account for clustering. State-level firearm ownership was associated with an increase in both male and female firearm-related suicide rates and with a decrease in nonfirearm-related suicide rates. Higher gun ownership was associated with higher suicide rates by any means among male, but not among female, persons. We found a strong relationship between state-level firearm ownership and firearm suicide rates among both genders, and a relationship between firearm ownership and suicides by any means among male, but not female, individuals. For male persons, policies that reduce firearm ownership will likely reduce suicides by all means and by firearms. For female persons, such policies will likely reduce suicides by firearms. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013. We used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and firearm suicide rates and a proxy for state-level household firearm ownership. We analyzed data by using linear regression and generalized estimating equations to account for clustering. State-level firearm ownership was associated with an increase in both male and female firearm-related suicide rates and with a decrease in nonfirearm-related suicide rates. Higher gun ownership was associated with higher suicide rates by any means among male, but not among female, persons. We found a strong relationship between state-level firearm ownership and firearm suicide rates among both genders, and a relationship between firearm ownership and suicides by any means among male, but not female, individuals. For male persons, policies that reduce firearm ownership will likely reduce suicides by all means and by firearms. For female persons, such policies will likely reduce suicides by firearms. OBJECTIVESTo examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013.METHODSWe used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and firearm suicide rates and a proxy for state-level household firearm ownership. We analyzed data by using linear regression and generalized estimating equations to account for clustering.RESULTSState-level firearm ownership was associated with an increase in both male and female firearm-related suicide rates and with a decrease in nonfirearm-related suicide rates. Higher gun ownership was associated with higher suicide rates by any means among male, but not among female, persons.CONCLUSIONSWe found a strong relationship between state-level firearm ownership and firearm suicide rates among both genders, and a relationship between firearm ownership and suicides by any means among male, but not female, individuals.POLICY IMPLICATIONSFor male persons, policies that reduce firearm ownership will likely reduce suicides by all means and by firearms. For female persons, such policies will likely reduce suicides by firearms. Objectives. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US states from 1981 to 2013. Methods. We used panel data for all 50 states that included annual overall and gender-specific suicide and firearm suicide rates and a proxy for state-level household firearm ownership. We analyzed data by using linear regression and generalized estimating equations to account for clustering. Results. State-level firearm ownership was associated with an increase in both male and female firearm-related suicide rates and with a decrease in nonfirearm-related suicide rates. Higher gun ownership was associated with higher suicide rates by any means among male, but not among female, persons. Conclusions. We found a strong relationship between state-level firearm ownership and firearm suicide rates among both genders, and a relationship between firearm ownership and suicides by any means among male, but not female, individuals. Policy implications. For male persons, policies that reduce firearm ownership will likely reduce suicides by all means and by firearms. For female persons, such policies will likely reduce suicides by firearms.
Author	Siegel, Michael Rothman, Emily F.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Michael surname: Siegel fullname: Siegel, Michael organization: All of the authors are with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA – sequence: 2 givenname: Emily F. surname: Rothman fullname: Rothman, Emily F. organization: All of the authors are with the Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27196643$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright	Copyright American Public Health Association Jul 2016 American Public Health Association 2016 2016
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Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Peer Reviewed M. Siegel conceptualized the study, collected the data, and led the data analysis and writing. E. F. Rothman assisted with the study design, analytical plan, writing, and revisions. CONTRIBUTORS
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Snippet	Objectives. To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across... To examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all 50 US... OBJECTIVESTo examine the relationship between state-level firearm ownership rates and gender-specific, age-adjusted firearm and total suicide rates across all...
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SubjectTerms	AJPH Research Clustering Epidemiology Female Females Firearm laws & regulations Firearms Firearms - legislation & jurisprudence Firearms - statistics & numerical data Gender Gender relations Households Humans Injury/Emergency Care/Violence Linear Models Male Males Ownership Panel data Public health Regression analysis Sex Distribution States Studies Suicide Suicide - statistics & numerical data Suicides & suicide attempts United States Variables
Title	Firearm Ownership and Suicide Rates Among US Men and Women, 1981–2013
URI	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27196643 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1800777051 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1795881021 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4984734
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