Cognitive processes in evaluating reference letters

This study simultaneously evaluates confirmatory information search theory and dual‐process theory in a selection process that uses reference letters as the evaluation tool. Confirmatory information search suggests that evaluators give attention to information that is congruent with first impression...

Celý popis

Uložené v:

Podrobná bibliografia
Vydané v:	Applied cognitive psychology Ročník 24; číslo 1; s. 27 - 40
Hlavní autori:	Wong, Kin Fai Ellick, Werbel, James D.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01.01.2010 Wiley Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Predmet:	Attention Biological and medical sciences Cognition Cognitive ability Cognitive processes Cognitive psychology College students Experiments Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Impressions Information Letters Letters (Correspondence) Negative information Occupational psychology Orientation. Selection. Evaluation Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Theory Undergraduate students Impression formation Human Evaluation Occupational selection Social perception Information retrieval Cognition Experimental study Social cognition
ISSN:	0888-4080, 1099-0720
On-line prístup:	Získať plný text
Tagy:	Pridať tag Žiadne tagy, Buďte prvý, kto otaguje tento záznam!

Abstract	This study simultaneously evaluates confirmatory information search theory and dual‐process theory in a selection process that uses reference letters as the evaluation tool. Confirmatory information search suggests that evaluators give attention to information that is congruent with first impressions. Dual‐processes theory suggests that evaluators give attention to information that is incongruent with first impressions. Using a sample of undergraduate students, in two separate experiments, we found that a poor impression from the résumé led to more positive information and less negative information searching in reference letters than did a good impression. These results of both experiments suggest that reference letter evaluators are likely to use cognitive processes associated with dual‐process theory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AbstractList	This study simultaneously evaluates confirmatory information search theory and dual-process theory in a selection process that uses reference letters as the evaluation tool. Confirmatory information search suggests that evaluators give attention to information that is congruent with first impressions. Dual-processes theory suggests that evaluators give attention to information that is incongruent with first impressions. Using a sample of undergraduate students, in two separate experiments, we found that a poor impression from the resume led to more positive information and less negative information searching in reference letters than did a good impression. These results of both experiments suggest that reference letter evaluators are likely to use cognitive processes associated with dual-process theory. [Copyright John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.] This study simultaneously evaluates confirmatory information search theory and dual-process theory in a selection process that uses reference letters as the evaluation tool. Confirmatory information search suggests that evaluators give attention to information that is congruent with first impressions. Dual-processes theory suggests that evaluators give attention to information that is incongruent with first impressions. Using a sample of undergraduate students, in two separate experiments, we found that a poor impression from the resume led to more positive information and less negative information searching in reference letters than did a good impression. These results of both experiments suggest that reference letter evaluators are likely to use cognitive processes associated with dual-process theory. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] This study simultaneously evaluates confirmatory information search theory and dual-process theory in a selection process that uses reference letters as the evaluation tool. Confirmatory information search suggests that evaluators give attention to information that is congruent with first impressions. Dual-processes theory suggests that evaluators give attention to information that is incongruent with first impressions. Using a sample of undergraduate students, in two separate experiments, we found that a poor impression from the resume led to more positive information and less negative information searching in reference letters than did a good impression. These results of both experiments suggest that reference letter evaluators are likely to use cognitive processes associated with dual-process theory. This study simultaneously evaluates confirmatory information search theory and dual‐process theory in a selection process that uses reference letters as the evaluation tool. Confirmatory information search suggests that evaluators give attention to information that is congruent with first impressions. Dual‐processes theory suggests that evaluators give attention to information that is incongruent with first impressions. Using a sample of undergraduate students, in two separate experiments, we found that a poor impression from the résumé led to more positive information and less negative information searching in reference letters than did a good impression. These results of both experiments suggest that reference letter evaluators are likely to use cognitive processes associated with dual‐process theory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Author	Wong, Kin Fai Ellick Werbel, James D.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Kin Fai Ellick surname: Wong fullname: Wong, Kin Fai Ellick email: mnewong@ust.hk organization: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, SAR, China – sequence: 2 givenname: James D. surname: Werbel fullname: Werbel, James D. organization: Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
BackLink	http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=22234814$$DView record in Pascal Francis
BookMark	eNqN0V1LHDEUBuAgCq5bwZ8wFEq9mW2-k7mUpa6C6F4oXobM6RmJHTPbZNbqvzeytuDSgle5ec4h73kPyG4cIhJyxOiMUcq_eVjNmJJsh0wYbZqaGk53yYRaa2tJLd0nBznfU0obzfiEiPlwF8MYHrFapQEwZ8xViBU--n7txxDvqoQdJoyAVY_jiCl_Inud7zMevr1TcnP6_Xp-Vl9cLc7nJxc1SC5ZjVx6Jb3RrQQQLW9lA0oLEKC9aMCLH9ZYQVFTQA7adm1rtVJMtapDo62Ykq-bveVnv9aYR_cQMmDf-4jDOjsjSwRNtfqA5IYLJUWRn7fk_bBOscRwnDHOpNCmoC9vyGfwfZd8hJDdKoUHn54d51xIW-iUzDYO0pBzuZODMJajDXFMPvSOUffaiSuduNdOysDx1sCfnf-g9Yb-Dj0-_9e5k_nyvQ95xKe_3qefriQyyt1eLtxycXkrG21cI14As6apOQ
CODEN	ACPSED
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1177_09610006231219246
Cites_doi	10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.284 10.1016/0030-5073(76)90005-2 10.1177/009102609302200106 10.1037/0096-3445.111.2.228 10.1037/0021-9010.72.3.344 10.1023/A:1022962814637 10.2307/256045 10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.04.002 10.1037/0021-9010.66.3.296 10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.752 10.3758/BF03197068 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60075-1 10.1515/9781503620766 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1979.tb00463.x 10.1037/0021-9010.78.3.491 10.1037/0096-3445.114.3.357 10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.501 10.5465/amr.1982.4285247 10.1037/0021-9010.75.6.603 10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.42 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1999.tb00165.x 10.1037/0021-9010.79.5.659 10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.13 10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.08.001 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00309.x 10.1037/0022-3514.80.4.557 10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.655 10.1037/0021-9010.73.1.30 10.1037/0021-9010.78.5.821 10.1037/0021-9010.66.2.127
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2015 INIST-CNRS Copyright John Wiley and Sons, Limited Jan 2010
Copyright_xml	– notice: Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. – notice: 2015 INIST-CNRS – notice: Copyright John Wiley and Sons, Limited Jan 2010
DBID	BSCLL AAYXX CITATION IQODW 7QJ 7TK AHOVV
DOI	10.1002/acp.1541
DatabaseName	Istex CrossRef Pascal-Francis Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA) Neurosciences Abstracts Education Research Index
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA) Neurosciences Abstracts
DatabaseTitleList	Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA) Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA) Neurosciences Abstracts CrossRef
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Psychology
EISSN	1099-0720
EndPage	40
ExternalDocumentID	1917637701 22234814 10_1002_acp_1541 ACP1541 ark_67375_WNG_PGNW4967_9
Genre	article Feature
GroupedDBID	--- -DZ .3N .GA .Y3 05W 0R~ 10A 1L6 1OB 1OC 1ZS 23M 31~ 33P 3WU 4.4 4ZD 50Y 50Z 51W 51Y 52M 52O 52Q 52R 52S 52T 52U 52V 52W 53G 5GY 5RE 5VS 66C 702 7PT 8-0 8-1 8-3 8-4 8-5 8UM 930 9M8 A01 A04 AABNI AAESR AAHQN AAIPD AAMMB AAMNL AANHP AAONW AAOUF AASGY AAXRX AAYCA AAZKR ABCQN ABCUV ABDBF ABEML ABIJN ABIVO ABJNI ABLJU ABPVW ABQWH ABSOO ABUFD ABXGK ACAHQ ACBKW ACBNA ACBWZ ACCZN ACFBH ACGFS ACGOF ACHQT ACMXC ACNCT ACPOU ACPRK ACRPL ACSCC ACUHS ACXQS ACYXJ ADBBV ADBTR ADEMA ADEOM ADIZJ ADKYN ADMGS ADMHG ADNMO ADXAS ADXHL ADZMN AEFGJ AEIGN AEIMD AETEA AEUYR AEYWJ AFBPY AFFNX AFFPM AFGKR AFKFF AFWVQ AFZJQ AGHNM AGQPQ AGXDD AHBTC AIACR AIDQK AIDYY AIQQE AIURR ALAGY ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALUQN ALVPJ AMBMR AMYDB ASPBG ASTYK AVWKF AZBYB AZFZN AZVAB BAFTC BDRZF BFHJK BMXJE BNVMJ BQESF BROTX BRXPI BSCLL BY8 CS3 D-6 D-7 D-C D-D DCZOG DPXWK DR2 DRFUL DRMAN DRSSH EAD EAP EBC EBD EBS EJD EMK EPL EPS ESX F00 F01 F5P FEDTE FUBAC G-S G.N G50 GNP GODZA HAOEW HBH HF~ HGLYW HHY HVGLF HZ~ IX1 J0M JPC KBYEO KQQ LATKE LAW LC2 LC4 LEEKS LH4 LITHE LOXES LP6 LP7 LUTES LW6 LYRES M6U MEWTI MK4 MRFUL MRMAN MRSSH MSFUL MSMAN MSSSH MXFUL MXMAN MXSSH N04 N06 N9A NF~ NNB O66 O9- OIG OVD P2P P2W P2Y P2Z P4B P4C PALCI PQQKQ Q.N Q11 QB0 QRW R.K RIWAO RJQFR ROL RX1 RYL S10 SAMSI SUPJJ TEORI TN5 TUS UB1 UPT V2E W8V W99 WBKPD WH7 WHDPE WIB WIH WII WIJ WOHZO WQJ WSUWO WXI WXSBR XG1 XPP XSW XV2 YR2 ZCG ZHY ZY4 ZZTAW ~IA ~WP AAYXX CITATION O8X AAHHS ABTAH ACCFJ ADZOD AEEZP AEQDE AIWBW AJBDE IQODW 7QJ 7TK AHOVV
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c4241-e24a54a76b4cc3b2b49c563c3c6a39ca3d87830e60ce2c68fbb865515b5fe7683
IEDL.DBID	DRFUL
ISICitedReferencesCount	3
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000273368300003&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	0888-4080
IngestDate	Wed Oct 01 13:58:47 EDT 2025 Wed Oct 01 14:30:14 EDT 2025 Tue Nov 11 00:12:03 EST 2025 Wed Apr 02 07:25:59 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 05:08:42 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 21:51:37 EST 2025 Sun Sep 21 06:19:50 EDT 2025 Tue Nov 11 03:31:38 EST 2025
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	1
Keywords	Impression formation Human Evaluation Occupational selection Social perception Information retrieval Cognition Experimental study Social cognition
Language	English
License	http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor CC BY 4.0
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c4241-e24a54a76b4cc3b2b49c563c3c6a39ca3d87830e60ce2c68fbb865515b5fe7683
Notes	ark:/67375/WNG-PGNW4967-9 ArticleID:ACP1541 istex:F49DE674E2C833458B97DBF9872250E0607F484A Professor of Management. Associate Professor. SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-2
PQID	211214367
PQPubID	37238
PageCount	14
ParticipantIDs	proquest_miscellaneous_746126065 proquest_miscellaneous_742723543 proquest_journals_211214367 pascalfrancis_primary_22234814 crossref_citationtrail_10_1002_acp_1541 crossref_primary_10_1002_acp_1541 wiley_primary_10_1002_acp_1541_ACP1541 istex_primary_ark_67375_WNG_PGNW4967_9
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2010-01 January 2010 2010-01-00 2010 20100101
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2010-01-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 01 year: 2010 text: 2010-01
PublicationDecade	2010
PublicationPlace	Chichester, UK
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: Chichester, UK – name: Chichester – name: Bognor Regis
PublicationTitle	Applied cognitive psychology
PublicationTitleAlternate	Appl. Cognit. Psychol
PublicationYear	2010
Publisher	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Wiley Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Publisher_xml	– name: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd – name: Wiley – name: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
References	Muchinsky, P. M. (1979). The use of reference report in personnel selection: A review and evaluation. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 52, 287-297. Ryan, A. M., McFarland, L., Baron, H., & Page, R. (1999). An international look at selection practices: Nation and culture as explanations for variability in practice. Personnel Psychology, 52, 359-392. Staw, B. M. (1976). Keeping-deep in big muddy - Study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 27-44. Dunegan, K. J. (1993). Framing, cognitive modes, and image theory: Toward an understanding of a glass half full. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 491-503. Baxter, J. C., Brock, B., Hill, P. C., & Rozelle, R. M. (1981). Letters of recommendation: A question of value. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 296-301. Haberlandt, K., & Graesser, A. C. (1985). Component processes in text comprehension and some of their introductions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 357-374. Schulz-Hardt, S., Frey, D., Lüthgens, C., & Moscovici, S. (2000). Biased information search in group decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 655-669. Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 752-766. Just, M. A., Carpenter, P. A., & Woolley, J. D. (1982). Paradigms and processes in reading comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 111, 228-238. Conlon, E. J., & Park, J. M. (1987). Information requests in the context of escalation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 344-350. Maheswaran, D., & Chaiken, S. (1991). Promoting systematic processing in low-motivated settings: Effect of incongruent information on processing and judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 13-25. Cable, D. M., & Gilovich, T. (1998). Looked over or overlooked? Prescreening decisions and postinterview evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 501-508. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson. Aronson, E. (1969). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current perspective. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 4, 1-34. Kuvaas, B., & Selart, M. (2005). Effects of attribute framing on cognitive processing and evaluation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 95, 198-207. Tommasi, G. W., Williams, K. B., & Nordstrom, C. R. (1998). Letters of recommendation: What information captures HR professional attention? Journal of Business & Psychology, 13, 5-18. Heneman, H. G., III, & Judge, T. A. (2003). Staffing organizations (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Feldman, J. M. (1981). Beyond attribution theory: Cognitive processes in performance appraisal. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 127-148. Dipboye, R. L., Stramler, C. S., & Fontenelle, G. A. (1984). The effects of the application on recall of information from the interview. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 561-575. Binning, J. F., Goldstein, M. A., Garcia, M. F., & Scattaregia, J. H. (1988). Effects of preinterview impressions on questioning strategies in same- and opposite-sex employment interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 30-37. Wong, K. F. E., Kwong, J. Y. Y., & Ng, C. K. (2008). When thinking rationally increases biases: The role of rational thinking style in escalation of commitment. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 246-271. Aamodt, M., Bryan, D., & Whitcomb, A. (1993). Predicting performance with letters of recommendation. Public Personnel Management, 22, 81-90. Wofford, J. C., & Goodwin, V. L. (1990). Effects of feedback on cognitive processing and choice of decision style. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 603-612. Kulik, C. T., & Ambrose, M. L. (1993). Category-based and feature-based processes in performance appraisal: Integrating visual and computerized sources of performance data. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 821-830. Jonas, E., Schulz-Hardt, S., Frey, D., & Thelen, N. (2001). Confirmation bias in sequential information search after preliminary decisions: An expansion of dissonance theoretical research on selective exposure to information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 557-571. Dougherty, T. W., Turban, D. B., & Callender, J. C. (1994). Confirming first impressions in the employment interview: A field study of interviewer behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 659-665. Dipboye, R. L. (1982). Self-fulfilling prophecies in the selection-recruitment interview. Academy of Management Review, 7, 579-586. Wong, K. F. E., & Kwong, J. Y. Y. (2005b). Comparing two tiny giants or two huge dwarfs? Preference reversals owing to number size framing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 98, 54-65. Haberlandt, K., & Graesser, A. C. (1989). Processing of new arguments at clause boundaries. Memory & Cognition, 17, 186-193. Wong, K. F. E., & Kwong, J. Y. Y. (2005a). Between-individual comparisons in performance evaluation: A perspective from prospect theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 284-294. Stangor, C., & McMillan, D. (1992). Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and social development literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 42-61. 1990; 75 1987; 72 1984; 27 1993; 22 2005b; 98 2008; 57 1988; 73 1998; 83 2003 1979; 52 1957 1981; 66 1980; 39 2001; 80 1988; 1 1993; 78 2000; 78 1992; 111 1969; 4 1991; 61 1982; 111 2005; 95 1986 1982; 7 1985; 114 1994; 79 1999; 52 1976; 16 1994; 4 1989; 17 2005a; 90 1998; 13 Levy‐Leboyer C. (e_1_2_1_24_1) 1994 Heneman H. G. (e_1_2_1_19_1) 2003 e_1_2_1_20_1 e_1_2_1_23_1 e_1_2_1_21_1 e_1_2_1_22_1 e_1_2_1_27_1 e_1_2_1_28_1 e_1_2_1_25_1 e_1_2_1_26_1 e_1_2_1_29_1 Fiske S. T. (e_1_2_1_16_1) 1986 Fiske S. T. (e_1_2_1_15_1) 1988 e_1_2_1_7_1 e_1_2_1_31_1 e_1_2_1_8_1 e_1_2_1_30_1 e_1_2_1_5_1 e_1_2_1_6_1 e_1_2_1_3_1 e_1_2_1_12_1 e_1_2_1_35_1 e_1_2_1_4_1 e_1_2_1_13_1 e_1_2_1_34_1 e_1_2_1_10_1 e_1_2_1_33_1 e_1_2_1_2_1 e_1_2_1_11_1 e_1_2_1_32_1 e_1_2_1_17_1 e_1_2_1_14_1 e_1_2_1_9_1 e_1_2_1_18_1
References_xml	– reference: Dipboye, R. L., Stramler, C. S., & Fontenelle, G. A. (1984). The effects of the application on recall of information from the interview. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 561-575. – reference: Dougherty, T. W., Turban, D. B., & Callender, J. C. (1994). Confirming first impressions in the employment interview: A field study of interviewer behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 659-665. – reference: Wong, K. F. E., Kwong, J. Y. Y., & Ng, C. K. (2008). When thinking rationally increases biases: The role of rational thinking style in escalation of commitment. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 246-271. – reference: Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson. – reference: Jonas, E., Schulz-Hardt, S., Frey, D., & Thelen, N. (2001). Confirmation bias in sequential information search after preliminary decisions: An expansion of dissonance theoretical research on selective exposure to information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 557-571. – reference: Ryan, A. M., McFarland, L., Baron, H., & Page, R. (1999). An international look at selection practices: Nation and culture as explanations for variability in practice. Personnel Psychology, 52, 359-392. – reference: Haberlandt, K., & Graesser, A. C. (1989). Processing of new arguments at clause boundaries. Memory & Cognition, 17, 186-193. – reference: Muchinsky, P. M. (1979). The use of reference report in personnel selection: A review and evaluation. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 52, 287-297. – reference: Dipboye, R. L. (1982). Self-fulfilling prophecies in the selection-recruitment interview. Academy of Management Review, 7, 579-586. – reference: Feldman, J. M. (1981). Beyond attribution theory: Cognitive processes in performance appraisal. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 127-148. – reference: Cable, D. M., & Gilovich, T. (1998). Looked over or overlooked? Prescreening decisions and postinterview evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 501-508. – reference: Schulz-Hardt, S., Frey, D., Lüthgens, C., & Moscovici, S. (2000). Biased information search in group decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 655-669. – reference: Aronson, E. (1969). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current perspective. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 4, 1-34. – reference: Haberlandt, K., & Graesser, A. C. (1985). Component processes in text comprehension and some of their introductions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 357-374. – reference: Binning, J. F., Goldstein, M. A., Garcia, M. F., & Scattaregia, J. H. (1988). Effects of preinterview impressions on questioning strategies in same- and opposite-sex employment interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 30-37. – reference: Kulik, C. T., & Ambrose, M. L. (1993). Category-based and feature-based processes in performance appraisal: Integrating visual and computerized sources of performance data. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 821-830. – reference: Wong, K. F. E., & Kwong, J. Y. Y. (2005b). Comparing two tiny giants or two huge dwarfs? Preference reversals owing to number size framing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 98, 54-65. – reference: Heneman, H. G., III, & Judge, T. A. (2003). Staffing organizations (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. – reference: Staw, B. M. (1976). Keeping-deep in big muddy - Study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 27-44. – reference: Wofford, J. C., & Goodwin, V. L. (1990). Effects of feedback on cognitive processing and choice of decision style. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 603-612. – reference: Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 752-766. – reference: Aamodt, M., Bryan, D., & Whitcomb, A. (1993). Predicting performance with letters of recommendation. Public Personnel Management, 22, 81-90. – reference: Kuvaas, B., & Selart, M. (2005). Effects of attribute framing on cognitive processing and evaluation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 95, 198-207. – reference: Stangor, C., & McMillan, D. (1992). Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and social development literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 42-61. – reference: Conlon, E. J., & Park, J. M. (1987). Information requests in the context of escalation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 344-350. – reference: Just, M. A., Carpenter, P. A., & Woolley, J. D. (1982). Paradigms and processes in reading comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 111, 228-238. – reference: Baxter, J. C., Brock, B., Hill, P. C., & Rozelle, R. M. (1981). Letters of recommendation: A question of value. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66, 296-301. – reference: Dunegan, K. J. (1993). Framing, cognitive modes, and image theory: Toward an understanding of a glass half full. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 491-503. – reference: Maheswaran, D., & Chaiken, S. (1991). Promoting systematic processing in low-motivated settings: Effect of incongruent information on processing and judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 13-25. – reference: Tommasi, G. W., Williams, K. B., & Nordstrom, C. R. (1998). Letters of recommendation: What information captures HR professional attention? Journal of Business & Psychology, 13, 5-18. – reference: Wong, K. F. E., & Kwong, J. Y. Y. (2005a). Between-individual comparisons in performance evaluation: A perspective from prospect theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 284-294. – volume: 39 start-page: 752 year: 1980 end-page: 766 article-title: Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion publication-title: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology – volume: 27 start-page: 561 year: 1984 end-page: 575 article-title: The effects of the application on recall of information from the interview publication-title: Academy of Management Journal – volume: 7 start-page: 579 year: 1982 end-page: 586 article-title: Self‐fulfilling prophecies in the selection‐recruitment interview publication-title: Academy of Management Review – volume: 1 start-page: 65 year: 1988 end-page: 76 – volume: 114 start-page: 357 year: 1985 end-page: 374 article-title: Component processes in text comprehension and some of their introductions publication-title: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General – start-page: 167 year: 1986 end-page: 203 – volume: 80 start-page: 557 year: 2001 end-page: 571 article-title: Confirmation bias in sequential information search after preliminary decisions: An expansion of dissonance theoretical research on selective exposure to information publication-title: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology – year: 2003 – volume: 111 start-page: 228 year: 1982 end-page: 238 article-title: Paradigms and processes in reading comprehension publication-title: Journal of Experimental Psychology: General – volume: 78 start-page: 821 year: 1993 end-page: 830 article-title: Category‐based and feature‐based processes in performance appraisal: Integrating visual and computerized sources of performance data publication-title: Journal of Applied Psychology – volume: 61 start-page: 13 year: 1991 end-page: 25 article-title: Promoting systematic processing in low‐motivated settings: Effect of incongruent information on processing and judgment publication-title: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology – volume: 111 start-page: 42 year: 1992 end-page: 61 article-title: Memory for expectancy‐congruent and expectancy‐incongruent information: A review of the social and social development literatures publication-title: Psychological Bulletin – volume: 4 start-page: 173 year: 1994 end-page: 190 – volume: 22 start-page: 81 year: 1993 end-page: 90 article-title: Predicting performance with letters of recommendation publication-title: Public Personnel Management – volume: 98 start-page: 54 year: 2005b end-page: 65 article-title: Comparing two tiny giants or two huge dwarfs? Preference reversals owing to number size framing publication-title: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes – volume: 66 start-page: 127 year: 1981 end-page: 148 article-title: Beyond attribution theory: Cognitive processes in performance appraisal publication-title: Journal of Applied Psychology – volume: 83 start-page: 501 year: 1998 end-page: 508 article-title: Looked over or overlooked? Prescreening decisions and postinterview evaluations publication-title: Journal of Applied Psychology – year: 1957 – volume: 16 start-page: 27 year: 1976 end-page: 44 article-title: Keeping‐deep in big muddy – Study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action publication-title: Organizational Behavior and Human Performance – volume: 79 start-page: 659 year: 1994 end-page: 665 article-title: Confirming first impressions in the employment interview: A field study of interviewer behavior publication-title: Journal of Applied Psychology – volume: 66 start-page: 296 year: 1981 end-page: 301 article-title: Letters of recommendation: A question of value publication-title: Journal of Applied Psychology – volume: 95 start-page: 198 year: 2005 end-page: 207 article-title: Effects of attribute framing on cognitive processing and evaluation publication-title: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes – volume: 52 start-page: 287 year: 1979 end-page: 297 article-title: The use of reference report in personnel selection: A review and evaluation publication-title: Journal of Occupational Psychology – volume: 73 start-page: 30 year: 1988 end-page: 37 article-title: Effects of preinterview impressions on questioning strategies in same‐ and opposite‐sex employment interviews publication-title: Journal of Applied Psychology – volume: 4 start-page: 1 year: 1969 end-page: 34 article-title: The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current perspective publication-title: Advances in Experimental Social Psychology – volume: 78 start-page: 491 year: 1993 end-page: 503 article-title: Framing, cognitive modes, and image theory: Toward an understanding of a glass half full publication-title: Journal of Applied Psychology – volume: 75 start-page: 603 year: 1990 end-page: 612 article-title: Effects of feedback on cognitive processing and choice of decision style publication-title: Journal of Applied Psychology – volume: 17 start-page: 186 year: 1989 end-page: 193 article-title: Processing of new arguments at clause boundaries publication-title: Memory & Cognition – volume: 90 start-page: 284 year: 2005a end-page: 294 article-title: Between‐individual comparisons in performance evaluation: A perspective from prospect theory publication-title: Journal of Applied Psychology – volume: 72 start-page: 344 year: 1987 end-page: 350 article-title: Information requests in the context of escalation publication-title: Journal of Applied Psychology – volume: 13 start-page: 5 year: 1998 end-page: 18 article-title: Letters of recommendation: What information captures HR professional attention? publication-title: Journal of Business & Psychology – volume: 57 start-page: 246 year: 2008 end-page: 271 article-title: When thinking rationally increases biases: The role of rational thinking style in escalation of commitment publication-title: Applied Psychology: An International Review – volume: 52 start-page: 359 year: 1999 end-page: 392 article-title: An international look at selection practices: Nation and culture as explanations for variability in practice publication-title: Personnel Psychology – volume: 78 start-page: 655 year: 2000 end-page: 669 article-title: Biased information search in group decision making publication-title: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology – ident: e_1_2_1_33_1 doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.284 – ident: e_1_2_1_30_1 doi: 10.1016/0030-5073(76)90005-2 – ident: e_1_2_1_2_1 doi: 10.1177/009102609302200106 – ident: e_1_2_1_21_1 doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.111.2.228 – ident: e_1_2_1_8_1 doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.72.3.344 – ident: e_1_2_1_31_1 doi: 10.1023/A:1022962814637 – ident: e_1_2_1_10_1 doi: 10.2307/256045 – ident: e_1_2_1_34_1 doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.04.002 – ident: e_1_2_1_4_1 doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.66.3.296 – volume-title: Staffing organizations year: 2003 ident: e_1_2_1_19_1 – start-page: 173 volume-title: Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology year: 1994 ident: e_1_2_1_24_1 – ident: e_1_2_1_7_1 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.752 – start-page: 65 volume-title: Advances in social cognition year: 1988 ident: e_1_2_1_15_1 – ident: e_1_2_1_18_1 doi: 10.3758/BF03197068 – ident: e_1_2_1_3_1 doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60075-1 – ident: e_1_2_1_14_1 doi: 10.1515/9781503620766 – start-page: 167 volume-title: Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior year: 1986 ident: e_1_2_1_16_1 – ident: e_1_2_1_26_1 doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8325.1979.tb00463.x – ident: e_1_2_1_12_1 doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.78.3.491 – ident: e_1_2_1_17_1 doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.114.3.357 – ident: e_1_2_1_6_1 doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.501 – ident: e_1_2_1_9_1 doi: 10.5465/amr.1982.4285247 – ident: e_1_2_1_32_1 doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.75.6.603 – ident: e_1_2_1_29_1 doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.42 – ident: e_1_2_1_27_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1999.tb00165.x – ident: e_1_2_1_11_1 doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.79.5.659 – ident: e_1_2_1_25_1 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.13 – ident: e_1_2_1_23_1 doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.08.001 – ident: e_1_2_1_35_1 doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00309.x – ident: e_1_2_1_20_1 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.4.557 – ident: e_1_2_1_28_1 doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.78.4.655 – ident: e_1_2_1_5_1 doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.73.1.30 – ident: e_1_2_1_22_1 doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.78.5.821 – ident: e_1_2_1_13_1 doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.66.2.127
SSID	ssj0009612
Score	1.8867176
Snippet	This study simultaneously evaluates confirmatory information search theory and dual‐process theory in a selection process that uses reference letters as the... This study simultaneously evaluates confirmatory information search theory and dual-process theory in a selection process that uses reference letters as the...
SourceID	proquest pascalfrancis crossref wiley istex
SourceType	Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher
StartPage	27
SubjectTerms	Attention Biological and medical sciences Cognition Cognitive ability Cognitive processes Cognitive psychology College students Experiments Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Impressions Information Letters Letters (Correspondence) Negative information Occupational psychology Orientation. Selection. Evaluation Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry Psychology. Psychophysiology Theory Undergraduate students
Title	Cognitive processes in evaluating reference letters
URI	https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-PGNW4967-9/fulltext.pdf https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Facp.1541 https://www.proquest.com/docview/211214367 https://www.proquest.com/docview/742723543 https://www.proquest.com/docview/746126065
Volume	24
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000273368300003&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVWIB databaseName: Wiley Online Library Full Collection 2020 customDbUrl: eissn: 1099-0720 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0009612 issn: 0888-4080 databaseCode: DRFUL dateStart: 19960101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com providerName: Wiley-Blackwell
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1LSxxBEC7Cbg5ekpgHmZjIBEJyGpzt5_RRNlk9yLKEiN6a7tqeIJFx2VHRf2_1vMxCDIKnOUw1zNSjq6q76iuALzxH4ziSfedGZ0IxkRldyoz5HENeaqeMb4ZN6Pm8OD01i66qMvbCtPgQw4FbtIxmv44G7ny9dw8a6nAVj0Uo8xkzUlsxgvH3n7Pjo3vIXdXcdZIZFZQlFXkPPZuzvX7thjMaR77exOJIVxN_ynawxUbk-Xf82jig2cunfPoreNGFnel-qyfb8CxUr2Fr2P1u3wCf9oVE6aptHgh1elalPRx49TsdRpKk500TUP0Wjmc_fk0Ps26iQoaCXHUWmHBSOK28QOSeeWFQKo4cleMGHV8WuuB5UCQohqoovY-NqxPpZRkoMeHvYFRdVOE9pApLNSlF0Th4xZcevZBLytbQ-EmpfQLfetZa7ODG49SLc9sCJTNLXLCRCwl8HihXLcTGP2i-NtIZCNz6TyxJ09KezA_s4mB-IozS1iSwuyG-YUGMg0QxEQns9PK0nbnWlrJgRoGj0gmkw1uys3h54qpwcVVbLZhmXAr-PxLSOEoIJX1tI_4Hf8fuTxfx-eGxhDuw1ZYtxLOfjzC6XF-FT_Acry_P6vVup_l3MowFVA
linkProvider	Wiley-Blackwell
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3dS9xAEB_kTqgvbe0HjVpNobRPwdx-ZvFJrj0tvYajKPq27O5tilTicVFp__vO5ssetCL4lIfMQjKzs_OxM78BeE9Tpwx1qN-pkgkThCVKFjwhNnU-LaQRytbDJmSeZ-fnarYGB10vTIMP0SfcgmbU53VQ8JCQ3r9DDTVuEfIiGPoMGe4iPoDhp--T0-kd5q6oLztRjzIMk7K0w55NyX63dsUaDQNjf4XqSFMhg4pmssWK6_m3A1tboMmzR337c3jaOp7xYbNTNmHNly9goz__fr8EOu5KieJF0z7gq_iijDtA8PJH3A8liS_rNqDqFZxOPp-Mj5N2pkLiGBrrxBNmODNSWOYctcQy5bigjjphqHKGzjOZ0dQLFBVxIiusDa2rI2554TE0oa9hUF6V_g3EwhViVLCsNvGCzq2zjM8xXnPKjgppI_jY8Va7FnA8zL241A1UMtHIBR24EMG7nnLRgGz8g-ZDLZ6ewCx_hqI0yfVZfqRnR_kZU0JqFcHuivz6BcETYtmIRbDdCVS3CltpjIMJuo5CRhD3b1HTwvWJKf3VTaUlI5JQzuh9JLjlMCTk-LW1_P_7O_pwPAvPrYcS7sGT45NvUz39kn_dho2miCFkgnZgcL288W9h3d1eX1TL3VYN_gDS3wlE
linkToPdf	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3dSxwxEB_Ek-JL7Sfdau0WpH1a3MvnBp_k7GmpLIdU9C0kc0mRynrcamn_e5P9sgdtKfRpH3YCuzP5JTPJzG8A9miOylAM-M6VzJggLFPS84zYHF3upRHKNs0mZFkWl5dqtgYHfS1Myw8xHLhFZDTrdQS4W8z9_gNrqMFFPBcJoc-IcSUCKkdHZ9Pz0wfOXdFcdgYcFSFMKvKeezYn-_3Yld1oFBX7I2ZHmjooyLedLVZcz18d2GYHmm7917c_gced45ketjPlKay56hlsDuvfz-dAJ30qUbpoywdcnV5VaU8IXn1Nh6Yk6XVTBlS_gPPpxy-Tk6zrqZAhC5t15ggznBkpLEOkllimkAuKFIWhCg2dF7KguRPBVARF4a2Npatjbrl3ITShL2G9uqncK0gFejH2rGi2eEHnFi3j8xCvobJjL20CH3rdauwIx2Pfi2vdUiUTHbSgoxYSeDdILlqSjd_IvG_MMwiY5beYlCa5viiP9ey4vGBKSK0S2F2x3zAgekKsGLMEtnuD6g6wtQ5xMAmuo5AJpMPbgLR4fWIqd3NXa8mIJJQz-jeRMOVCSMjD1zb2_-Pv6MPJLD5f_6vgW3g0O5rq00_l523YbHMY4kHQDqzfLu_cG9jA77dX9XK3Q8E9US0Ivw
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cognitive+Processes+in+Evaluating+Reference+Letters&rft.jtitle=Applied+cognitive+psychology&rft.au=KIN+FAI+ELLICK+WONG&rft.au=WERBEL%2C+James+D&rft.date=2010&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.issn=0888-4080&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=27&rft.epage=40&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2Facp.1541&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=22234814
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0888-4080&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0888-4080&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0888-4080&client=summon