EPA and DHA acylcarnitines are less cardiotoxic than are saturated and monounsaturated long‐chain acylcarnitines

Elevated levels of fatty acid‐derived long‐chain acylcarnitines are detrimental to cardiac health, primarily because of their adverse effects on mitochondrial function and key metabolic pathways in the heart. While trans‐fatty acids are considered harmful and omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUF...

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Published in:BioFactors (Oxford) Vol. 51; no. 2; pp. e70014 - n/a
Main Authors: Liepinsh, Edgars, Gukalova, Baiba, Krims‐Davis, Kristaps, Kuka, Janis, Leduskrasta, Aiga, Korzh, Stanislava, Vilskersts, Reinis, Makrecka‐Kuka, Marina, Konrade, Ilze, Dambrova, Maija
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.03.2025
Subjects:
Animals
Cardiotoxicity
Carnitine - analogs & derivatives
Carnitine - pharmacology
Carnitine - toxicity
Cell Survival - drug effects
Docosahexaenoic Acids - pharmacology
Docosahexaenoic Acids - toxicity
Eicosapentaenoic Acid - analogs & derivatives
Eicosapentaenoic Acid - pharmacology
heart
Insulin - metabolism
mitochondria
Mitochondria, Heart - drug effects
Mitochondria, Heart - metabolism
MUFA
Myocytes, Cardiac - drug effects
Myocytes, Cardiac - metabolism
omega‐3
PUFA
Rats
Signal Transduction - drug effects
trans fatty acids
unsaturated
trans fatty acids
omega‐3
PUFA
mitochondria
MUFA
heart
unsaturated
ISSN:0951-6433, 1872-8081, 1872-8081
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Summary:Elevated levels of fatty acid‐derived long‐chain acylcarnitines are detrimental to cardiac health, primarily because of their adverse effects on mitochondrial function and key metabolic pathways in the heart. While trans‐fatty acids are considered harmful and omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered beneficial, the specific properties of acylcarnitines derived from these types of fatty acids are not characterized. This study aimed to compare the effects of saturated palmitoylcarnitine (PC), monounsaturated cis‐oleoylcarnitine (cis‐OC), trans‐elaidoylcarnitine (trans‐EC), and polyunsaturated eicosapentaenoylcarnitine (EPAC) and docosahexaenoylcarnitine (DHAC) on heart function, cardiac cell viability, mitochondrial functionality, and insulin signaling pathways. Saturated and monounsaturated acylcarnitines, particularly trans‐EC, significantly reduced cardiac contractility at concentrations of 8–12 μM, and trans‐EC was identified as the most cardiotoxic acylcarnitine. Conversely, the presence of EPAC and DHAC in the perfusion buffer did not impair heart functionality. Saturated and monounsaturated acylcarnitines also drastically reduced H9C2 cell viability and suppressed mitochondrial OXPHOS by up to 70% at 25 μM, whereas PUFA‐derived acylcarnitines caused only a 20%–25% reduction in OXPHOS and did not decrease cell viability. Furthermore, PC, cis‐OC, and trans‐EC significantly inhibited Akt phosphorylation, whereas EPAC and DHAC had a much weaker effect on insulin signaling. In conclusion, saturated and monounsaturated acylcarnitines, particularly trans‐EC, exert significant cardiotoxic effects, primarily through the impairment of cardiac mitochondrial function. The omega‐3 PUFA‐derived acylcarnitines EPAC and DHAC are safe and less likely to damage cardiac mitochondria, cardiac cells, and the heart than other acylcarnitines. PUFA intake might be safer than other long‐chain fatty acid‐containing lipid sources in patients with FAODs and cardiometabolic diseases. Saturated and monounsaturated acylcarnitines, particularly trans‐EC, exert significant cardiotoxic effects, primarily through the impairment of cardiac mitochondrial function. The omega‐3 PUFA‐derived acylcarnitines EPAC and DHAC are safe and less likely to damage cardiac mitochondria, cardiac cells, and the heart than other acylcarnitines.
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ISSN:0951-6433
1872-8081
1872-8081
DOI:10.1002/biof.70014