Risk assessment of environmental mixture effects

In the environment, organisms are exposed to a diverse array of chemicals in complex mixtures. The majority of approaches that aim to assess the risk of environmental chemical mixtures, including those used by regulatory bodies, use toxicity data generated from the individual component chemicals to...

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Published in:	RSC advances Vol. 6; no. 53; pp. 47844 - 47857
Main Authors:	Heys, Kelly A, Shore, Richard F, Pereira, M. Glória, Jones, Kevin C, Martin, Francis L
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	01.01.2016
Subjects:	Arrays Assessments Ecological risk assessment ecosystems ecotoxicology Government regulations Mathematical models mechanism of action Organisms prediction risk Risk assessment risk assessment process Toxicity wildlife
ISSN:	2046-2069, 2046-2069
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Abstract	In the environment, organisms are exposed to a diverse array of chemicals in complex mixtures. The majority of approaches that aim to assess the risk of environmental chemical mixtures, including those used by regulatory bodies, use toxicity data generated from the individual component chemicals to predict the overall mixture toxicity. It is assumed that the behaviour of chemicals in a mixture can be predicted using the concepts of concentration or dose addition for chemicals with similar mechanisms of action or response addition for dissimilarly acting chemicals. Based on empirical evidence, most traditional risk assessment methods, such as toxic equivalency factors and the hazard index, make the assumption that the components of a mixture adhere to the concentration addition model. Thus, mixture toxicity can be predicted by the summation of the individual component toxicities. However in some mixtures, interactions can occur between chemicals or at target sites that alter the toxicity so that it is more or less than expected from the constituents. Many regulatory and experimental methods for predicting mixture toxicity rely on the use of a concentration addition model so that if interactions occur in mixtures, the risk posed may have been significantly underestimated. This is particularly concerning when considering environmental mixtures which are often highly complex and composed of indeterminate chemicals. Failure to accurately predict the effects chemicals will have if released into the environment, where they can form mixtures, can lead to unexpected detrimental effects on wildlife and ecosystems. The number of confounding factors that may alter the ecotoxicity of a mixture and the accuracy of predictive methods makes risk assessment of environmental mixtures a complex and intimidating task. With this in mind, this review aims show why accurate risk assessment of mixtures is vital by demonstrating the effect they can have on organisms in the environment. Furthermore, it also aims to look at the current challenges facing the assessment of mixture effects and examines future areas of focus that seek to develop methodologies more suitable for environmental mixtures. Determining interactions of multi-component environmental mixtures towards accurate risk assessment.
AbstractList	In the environment, organisms are exposed to a diverse array of chemicals in complex mixtures. The majority of approaches that aim to assess the risk of environmental chemical mixtures, including those used by regulatory bodies, use toxicity data generated from the individual component chemicals to predict the overall mixture toxicity. It is assumed that the behaviour of chemicals in a mixture can be predicted using the concepts of concentration or dose addition for chemicals with similar mechanisms of action or response addition for dissimilarly acting chemicals. Based on empirical evidence, most traditional risk assessment methods, such as toxic equivalency factors and the hazard index, make the assumption that the components of a mixture adhere to the concentration addition model. Thus, mixture toxicity can be predicted by the summation of the individual component toxicities. However in some mixtures, interactions can occur between chemicals or at target sites that alter the toxicity so that it is more or less than expected from the constituents. Many regulatory and experimental methods for predicting mixture toxicity rely on the use of a concentration addition model so that if interactions occur in mixtures, the risk posed may have been significantly underestimated. This is particularly concerning when considering environmental mixtures which are often highly complex and composed of indeterminate chemicals. Failure to accurately predict the effects chemicals will have if released into the environment, where they can form mixtures, can lead to unexpected detrimental effects on wildlife and ecosystems. The number of confounding factors that may alter the ecotoxicity of a mixture and the accuracy of predictive methods makes risk assessment of environmental mixtures a complex and intimidating task. With this in mind, this review aims show why accurate risk assessment of mixtures is vital by demonstrating the effect they can have on organisms in the environment. Furthermore, it also aims to look at the current challenges facing the assessment of mixture effects and examines future areas of focus that seek to develop methodologies more suitable for environmental mixtures. In the environment, organisms are exposed to a diverse array of chemicals in complex mixtures. The majority of approaches that aim to assess the risk of environmental chemical mixtures, including those used by regulatory bodies, use toxicity data generated from the individual component chemicals to predict the overall mixture toxicity. It is assumed that the behaviour of chemicals in a mixture can be predicted using the concepts of concentration or dose addition for chemicals with similar mechanisms of action or response addition for dissimilarly acting chemicals. Based on empirical evidence, most traditional risk assessment methods, such as toxic equivalency factors and the hazard index, make the assumption that the components of a mixture adhere to the concentration addition model. Thus, mixture toxicity can be predicted by the summation of the individual component toxicities. However in some mixtures, interactions can occur between chemicals or at target sites that alter the toxicity so that it is more or less than expected from the constituents. Many regulatory and experimental methods for predicting mixture toxicity rely on the use of a concentration addition model so that if interactions occur in mixtures, the risk posed may have been significantly underestimated. This is particularly concerning when considering environmental mixtures which are often highly complex and composed of indeterminate chemicals. Failure to accurately predict the effects chemicals will have if released into the environment, where they can form mixtures, can lead to unexpected detrimental effects on wildlife and ecosystems. The number of confounding factors that may alter the ecotoxicity of a mixture and the accuracy of predictive methods makes risk assessment of environmental mixtures a complex and intimidating task. With this in mind, this review aims show why accurate risk assessment of mixtures is vital by demonstrating the effect they can have on organisms in the environment. Furthermore, it also aims to look at the current challenges facing the assessment of mixture effects and examines future areas of focus that seek to develop methodologies more suitable for environmental mixtures. Determining interactions of multi-component environmental mixtures towards accurate risk assessment.
Author	Martin, Francis L Shore, Richard F Pereira, M. Glória Heys, Kelly A Jones, Kevin C
AuthorAffiliation	Centre of Ecology and Hydrology School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences University of Central Lancashire Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Centre for Biophotonics
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– sequence: 0 name: Lancaster Environment Centre – sequence: 0 name: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences – sequence: 0 name: Centre for Biophotonics – sequence: 0 name: Lancaster University – sequence: 0 name: Centre of Ecology and Hydrology – sequence: 0 name: University of Central Lancashire
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Kelly A surname: Heys fullname: Heys, Kelly A – sequence: 2 givenname: Richard F surname: Shore fullname: Shore, Richard F – sequence: 3 givenname: M. Glória surname: Pereira fullname: Pereira, M. Glória – sequence: 4 givenname: Kevin C surname: Jones fullname: Jones, Kevin C – sequence: 5 givenname: Francis L surname: Martin fullname: Martin, Francis L
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PublicationTitle	RSC advances
PublicationYear	2016
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Snippet	In the environment, organisms are exposed to a diverse array of chemicals in complex mixtures. The majority of approaches that aim to assess the risk of...
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SubjectTerms	Arrays Assessments Ecological risk assessment ecosystems ecotoxicology Government regulations Mathematical models mechanism of action Organisms prediction risk Risk assessment risk assessment process Toxicity wildlife
Title	Risk assessment of environmental mixture effects
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