A new floating sensor array to detect electric near fields of beating heart preparations

A new flexible sensor for in vitro experiments was developed to measure the surface potential, Φ, and its gradient, E (electric near field), at given sites of the heart. During depolarisation, E describes a vector loop from which direction and magnitude of local conduction velocity θ can be computed...

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Published in:	Biosensors & bioelectronics Vol. 21; no. 12; pp. 2232 - 2239
Main Authors:	Hofer, E., Keplinger, F., Thurner, T., Wiener, T., Sanchez-Quintana, D., Climent, V., Plank, G.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Lausanne Elsevier B.V 15.06.2006 Elsevier Science
Subjects:	Animals Biological and medical sciences Biotechnology Body Surface Potential Mapping - instrumentation Body Surface Potential Mapping - methods Conduction velocity Electrodes, Implanted Electromagnetic Fields Equipment Design Equipment Failure Analysis Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Guinea Pigs Heart Conduction System - physiology Heart Rate - physiology High-density electrode array In Vitro Techniques Methods. Procedures. Technologies Mice Micro mapping Microelectrodes Others Transducers Various methods and equipments High-density electrode array Conduction velocity Micro mapping Near field Heart Electrodes Array Electric field Measurement sensor Sensor array In vitro
ISSN:	0956-5663, 1873-4235
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Abstract	A new flexible sensor for in vitro experiments was developed to measure the surface potential, Φ, and its gradient, E (electric near field), at given sites of the heart. During depolarisation, E describes a vector loop from which direction and magnitude of local conduction velocity θ can be computed. Four recording silver electrodes (14 μm × 14 μm) separated by 50 μm, conducting leads, and solderable pads were patterned on a 50 μm thick polyimide film. The conductive structures, except the electrodes, were isolated with polyimide, and electrodes were chlorided. Spacer pillars mounted on the tip fulfil two functions: they keep the electrodes 70 μm from the tissue allowing non-contact recording of Φ and prevent lateral slipping. The low mass (9.1 mg) and flexibility (6.33 N/m) of the sensor let it easily follow the movement of the beating heart without notable displacement. We examined the electrodes on criteria like rms-noise of Φ, signal-to-noise ratio of Φ and E, maximum peak-slope recording d Φ/d t, and deviation of local activation time (LAT) from a common signal and obtained values of 24–28 μV, 46 and 41 dB, 497–561 V/s and no differences, respectively. With appropriate data acquisition (sampling rate 100 kHz, 24-bit), we were able to record Φ and to monitor E and θ on-line from beat-to-beat even at heart rates of 600 beats/min. Moreover, this technique can discriminate between uncoupled cardiac activations (as occur in fibrotic tissue) separated by less than 1 mm and 1 ms.
AbstractList	A new flexible sensor for in vitro experiments was developed to measure the surface potential, Phi, and its gradient, E (electric near field), at given sites of the heart. During depolarisation, E describes a vector loop from which direction and magnitude of local conduction velocity theta can be computed. Four recording silver electrodes (14 microm x 14 microm) separated by 50 microm, conducting leads, and solderable pads were patterned on a 50 microm thick polyimide film. The conductive structures, except the electrodes, were isolated with polyimide, and electrodes were chlorided. Spacer pillars mounted on the tip fulfil two functions: they keep the electrodes 70 microm from the tissue allowing non-contact recording of Phi and prevent lateral slipping. The low mass (9.1 mg) and flexibility (6.33 N/m) of the sensor let it easily follow the movement of the beating heart without notable displacement. We examined the electrodes on criteria like rms-noise of Phi, signal-to-noise ratio of Phi and E, maximum peak-slope recording dPhi/dt, and deviation of local activation time (LAT) from a common signal and obtained values of 24-28 microV, 46 and 41 dB, 497-561 V/s and no differences, respectively. With appropriate data acquisition (sampling rate 100 kHz, 24-bit), we were able to record Phi and to monitor E and theta on-line from beat-to-beat even at heart rates of 600 beats/min. Moreover, this technique can discriminate between uncoupled cardiac activations (as occur in fibrotic tissue) separated by less than 1 mm and 1 ms.A new flexible sensor for in vitro experiments was developed to measure the surface potential, Phi, and its gradient, E (electric near field), at given sites of the heart. During depolarisation, E describes a vector loop from which direction and magnitude of local conduction velocity theta can be computed. Four recording silver electrodes (14 microm x 14 microm) separated by 50 microm, conducting leads, and solderable pads were patterned on a 50 microm thick polyimide film. The conductive structures, except the electrodes, were isolated with polyimide, and electrodes were chlorided. Spacer pillars mounted on the tip fulfil two functions: they keep the electrodes 70 microm from the tissue allowing non-contact recording of Phi and prevent lateral slipping. The low mass (9.1 mg) and flexibility (6.33 N/m) of the sensor let it easily follow the movement of the beating heart without notable displacement. We examined the electrodes on criteria like rms-noise of Phi, signal-to-noise ratio of Phi and E, maximum peak-slope recording dPhi/dt, and deviation of local activation time (LAT) from a common signal and obtained values of 24-28 microV, 46 and 41 dB, 497-561 V/s and no differences, respectively. With appropriate data acquisition (sampling rate 100 kHz, 24-bit), we were able to record Phi and to monitor E and theta on-line from beat-to-beat even at heart rates of 600 beats/min. Moreover, this technique can discriminate between uncoupled cardiac activations (as occur in fibrotic tissue) separated by less than 1 mm and 1 ms. A new flexible sensor for in vitro experiments was developed to measure the surface potential, Phi, and its gradient, E (electric near field), at given sites of the heart. During depolarisation, E describes a vector loop from which direction and magnitude of local conduction velocity theta can be computed. Four recording silver electrodes (14 microm x 14 microm) separated by 50 microm, conducting leads, and solderable pads were patterned on a 50 microm thick polyimide film. The conductive structures, except the electrodes, were isolated with polyimide, and electrodes were chlorided. Spacer pillars mounted on the tip fulfil two functions: they keep the electrodes 70 microm from the tissue allowing non-contact recording of Phi and prevent lateral slipping. The low mass (9.1 mg) and flexibility (6.33 N/m) of the sensor let it easily follow the movement of the beating heart without notable displacement. We examined the electrodes on criteria like rms-noise of Phi, signal-to-noise ratio of Phi and E, maximum peak-slope recording dPhi/dt, and deviation of local activation time (LAT) from a common signal and obtained values of 24-28 microV, 46 and 41 dB, 497-561 V/s and no differences, respectively. With appropriate data acquisition (sampling rate 100 kHz, 24-bit), we were able to record Phi and to monitor E and theta on-line from beat-to-beat even at heart rates of 600 beats/min. Moreover, this technique can discriminate between uncoupled cardiac activations (as occur in fibrotic tissue) separated by less than 1 mm and 1 ms. A new flexible sensor for in vitro experiments was developed to measure the surface potential, [Phi], and its gradient, E (electric near field), at given sites of the heart. During depolarisation, E describes a vector loop from which direction and magnitude of local conduction velocity [theta] can be computed. Four recording silver electrodes (14 mu m x 14 mu m) separated by 50 mu m, conducting leads, and solderable pads were patterned on a 50 mu m thick polyimide film. The conductive structures, except the electrodes, were isolated with polyimide, and electrodes were chlorided. Spacer pillars mounted on the tip fulfil two functions: they keep the electrodes 70 mu m from the tissue allowing non-contact recording of [Phi] and prevent lateral slipping. The low mass (9.1 mg) and flexibility (6.33 N/m) of the sensor let it easily follow the movement of the beating heart without notable displacement. We examined the electrodes on criteria like rms-noise of [Phi], signal-to-noise ratio of [Phi] and E, maximum peak-slope recording d[Phi]/dt, and deviation of local activation time (LAT) from a common signal and obtained values of 24-28 mu V, 46 and 41 dB, 497-561 V/s and no differences, respectively. With appropriate data acquisition (sampling rate 100 kHz, 24-bit), we were able to record [Phi] and to monitor E and [theta] on-line from beat-to-beat even at heart rates of 600 beats/min. Moreover, this technique can discriminate between uncoupled cardiac activations (as occur in fibrotic tissue) separated by less than 1 mm and 1 ms. A new flexible sensor for in vitro experiments was developed to measure the surface potential, Φ, and its gradient, E (electric near field), at given sites of the heart. During depolarisation, E describes a vector loop from which direction and magnitude of local conduction velocity θ can be computed. Four recording silver electrodes (14 μm × 14 μm) separated by 50 μm, conducting leads, and solderable pads were patterned on a 50 μm thick polyimide film. The conductive structures, except the electrodes, were isolated with polyimide, and electrodes were chlorided. Spacer pillars mounted on the tip fulfil two functions: they keep the electrodes 70 μm from the tissue allowing non-contact recording of Φ and prevent lateral slipping. The low mass (9.1 mg) and flexibility (6.33 N/m) of the sensor let it easily follow the movement of the beating heart without notable displacement. We examined the electrodes on criteria like rms-noise of Φ, signal-to-noise ratio of Φ and E, maximum peak-slope recording d Φ/d t, and deviation of local activation time (LAT) from a common signal and obtained values of 24–28 μV, 46 and 41 dB, 497–561 V/s and no differences, respectively. With appropriate data acquisition (sampling rate 100 kHz, 24-bit), we were able to record Φ and to monitor E and θ on-line from beat-to-beat even at heart rates of 600 beats/min. Moreover, this technique can discriminate between uncoupled cardiac activations (as occur in fibrotic tissue) separated by less than 1 mm and 1 ms.
Author	Climent, V. Sanchez-Quintana, D. Plank, G. Thurner, T. Hofer, E. Keplinger, F. Wiener, T.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: E. surname: Hofer fullname: Hofer, E. email: ernst.hofer@meduni-graz.at organization: Institute of Biophysics, Center for Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria – sequence: 2 givenname: F. surname: Keplinger fullname: Keplinger, F. organization: Institute of Industrial Electronics and Material Science, University of Technology, Vienna, Austria – sequence: 3 givenname: T. surname: Thurner fullname: Thurner, T. organization: Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, University of Technology, Graz, Austria – sequence: 4 givenname: T. surname: Wiener fullname: Wiener, T. organization: Institute of Electrical Measurement and Measurement Signal Processing, University of Technology, Graz, Austria – sequence: 5 givenname: D. surname: Sanchez-Quintana fullname: Sanchez-Quintana, D. organization: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain – sequence: 6 givenname: V. surname: Climent fullname: Climent, V. organization: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain – sequence: 7 givenname: G. surname: Plank fullname: Plank, G. organization: Institute of Biophysics, Center for Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Cites_doi	10.1114/1.1320841 10.1114/1.1615573 10.1088/0960-1317/13/3/304 10.1114/1.1603258 10.1161/01.CIR.74.3.603 10.1161/01.RES.58.3.356 10.1016/j.bios.2003.10.011 10.1161/01.RES.0000130529.18016.35 10.1152/ajpheart.2000.279.1.H437 10.1161/01.RES.72.2.424 10.1161/01.RES.71.4.840 10.1109/10.125012 10.1161/01.RES.71.5.1254 10.1136/hrt.2003.011650
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Keywords	High-density electrode array Conduction velocity Micro mapping Near field Heart Electrodes Array Electric field Measurement sensor Sensor array In vitro
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SubjectTerms	Animals Biological and medical sciences Biotechnology Body Surface Potential Mapping - instrumentation Body Surface Potential Mapping - methods Conduction velocity Electrodes, Implanted Electromagnetic Fields Equipment Design Equipment Failure Analysis Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Guinea Pigs Heart Conduction System - physiology Heart Rate - physiology High-density electrode array In Vitro Techniques Methods. Procedures. Technologies Mice Micro mapping Microelectrodes Others Transducers Various methods and equipments
Title	A new floating sensor array to detect electric near fields of beating heart preparations
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