Addition of Nitrogen Increases Variability of Vegetation Cover in an Arid System with Unpredictable Rainfall

Addition of nitrogen (N) to rangeland that has been degraded through overgrazing or drought can hasten vegetation recovery. Additional N may influence temporal stability of vegetation cover, however, and change species composition. Potassium (K), by contrast, may help plants survive dry periods, inc...

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Published in:	Ecosystems (New York) Vol. 23; no. 1; pp. 175 - 187
Main Authors:	Seymour, Colleen L., Milton, Suzanne J., Altwegg, Res, Joseph, Grant S., Dean, W. Richard J.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	New York Springer Science + Business Media 01.01.2020 Springer US Springer Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Aridity Biomedical and Life Sciences Climate Climate change Community composition community structure Composition Drought Ecological research Ecology Environmental Management Factorial experiments Geoecology/Natural Processes Ground cover Herbivores Hydrology/Water Resources Life Sciences Life span longevity monitoring Nitrogen Nutrients Original Articles overgrazing Plant communities Plant Sciences Plant species potassium Precipitation variability rain Rain and rainfall Rainfall Rangelands Restoration shrublands Species composition Species richness Stability analysis Vegetation Vegetation cover Zoology rainfall variability semi-arid rangeland long-term ecological research restoration ecology nutrient addition/supplementation principal response curves community composition diversity and stability
ISSN:	1432-9840, 1435-0629
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Abstract	Addition of nitrogen (N) to rangeland that has been degraded through overgrazing or drought can hasten vegetation recovery. Additional N may influence temporal stability of vegetation cover, however, and change species composition. Potassium (K), by contrast, may help plants survive dry periods, increasing stability. Plant longevity also influences cover stability, but few studies have investigated effects of additional N or K on relative representation of species’ longevities within plant communities. In a semi-arid shrubland, we manipulated N and K in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment (treatments were addition of N, K, K and N, or control) in 12 plots, monitoring vegetation cover and plant species composition over 20 years (1998–2018). We assessed above-ground cover, stability of cover, and changes in community composition. Although responses to additional nutrients might be expected to be muted in this arid system where water is limiting, treatments differed significantly in cover, temporal stability, and species composition. N was associated with greater cover, but with lower stability of cover. Once nutrient addition and lifespan had been accounted for, stability was higher for transects with greater species richness at the start of the experiment. Short-lived species increased and long-lived species decreased in N plots. Additional K increased stability of short-lived species’ cover and moderated changes in species composition associated with additional N. Although N can increase cover, it is also associated with greater variability, which is particularly relevant given expected increases in rainfall variability with climate change. The moderating effect of K suggests that it may assist in restoration of areas that have experienced high N addition owing to past management practices.
AbstractList	Addition of nitrogen (N) to rangeland that has been degraded through overgrazing or drought can hasten vegetation recovery. Additional N may influence temporal stability of vegetation cover, however, and change species composition. Potassium (K), by contrast, may help plants survive dry periods, increasing stability. Plant longevity also influences cover stability, but few studies have investigated effects of additional N or K on relative representation of species’ longevities within plant communities. In a semi-arid shrubland, we manipulated N and K in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment (treatments were addition of N, K, K and N, or control) in 12 plots, monitoring vegetation cover and plant species composition over 20 years (1998–2018). We assessed above-ground cover, stability of cover, and changes in community composition. Although responses to additional nutrients might be expected to be muted in this arid system where water is limiting, treatments differed significantly in cover, temporal stability, and species composition. N was associated with greater cover, but with lower stability of cover. Once nutrient addition and lifespan had been accounted for, stability was higher for transects with greater species richness at the start of the experiment. Short-lived species increased and long-lived species decreased in N plots. Additional K increased stability of short-lived species’ cover and moderated changes in species composition associated with additional N. Although N can increase cover, it is also associated with greater variability, which is particularly relevant given expected increases in rainfall variability with climate change. The moderating effect of K suggests that it may assist in restoration of areas that have experienced high N addition owing to past management practices. Addition of nitrogen (N) to rangeland that has been degraded through overgrazing or drought can hasten vegetation recovery. Additional N may influence temporal stability of vegetation cover, however, and change species composition. Potassium (K), by contrast, may help plants survive dry periods, increasing stability. Plant longevity also influences cover stability, but few studies have investigated effects of additional N or K on relative representation of species' longevities within plant communities. In a semi-arid shrubland, we manipulated N and K in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment (treatments were addition of N, K, K and N, or control) in 12 plots, monitoring vegetation cover and plant species composition over 20 years (1998-2018). We assessed above-ground cover, stability of cover, and changes in community composition. Although responses to additional nutrients might be expected to be muted in this arid system where water is limiting, treatments differed significantly in cover, temporal stability, and species composition. N was associated with greater cover, but with lower stability of cover. Once nutrient addition and lifespan had been accounted for, stability was higher for transects with greater species richness at the start of the experiment. Short-lived species increased and long-lived species decreased in N plots. Additional K increased stability of short-lived species' cover and moderated changes in species composition associated with additional N. Although N can increase cover, it is also associated with greater variability, which is particularly relevant given expected increases in rainfall variability with climate change. The moderating effect of K suggests that it may assist in restoration of areas that have experienced high N addition owing to past management practices.
Audience	Academic
Author	Altwegg, Res Seymour, Colleen L. Milton, Suzanne J. Joseph, Grant S. Dean, W. Richard J.
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Keywords	rainfall variability semi-arid rangeland long-term ecological research restoration ecology nutrient addition/supplementation principal response curves community composition diversity and stability
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Snippet	Addition of nitrogen (N) to rangeland that has been degraded through overgrazing or drought can hasten vegetation recovery. Additional N may influence temporal...
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SubjectTerms	Aridity Biomedical and Life Sciences Climate Climate change Community composition community structure Composition Drought Ecological research Ecology Environmental Management Factorial experiments Geoecology/Natural Processes Ground cover Herbivores Hydrology/Water Resources Life Sciences Life span longevity monitoring Nitrogen Nutrients Original Articles overgrazing Plant communities Plant Sciences Plant species potassium Precipitation variability rain Rain and rainfall Rainfall Rangelands Restoration shrublands Species composition Species richness Stability analysis Vegetation Vegetation cover Zoology
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Title	Addition of Nitrogen Increases Variability of Vegetation Cover in an Arid System with Unpredictable Rainfall
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