The Impact of Employment Status, Income, and Occupation on the Association Between Workplace Benefits and Health‐Related Work Absences
ABSTRACT Background Workplace benefits such as paid sick leave and employer‐sponsored health insurance influence workers' ability to take time off when ill or injured. We examined whether and to what extent these workplace benefits complement each other in affecting health‐related work absences...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | American journal of industrial medicine Jg. 68; H. 7; S. 598 - 606 |
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| Sprache: | Englisch |
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United States
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
01.07.2025
John Wiley and Sons Inc |
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| ISSN: | 0271-3586, 1097-0274, 1097-0274 |
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| Abstract | ABSTRACT
Background
Workplace benefits such as paid sick leave and employer‐sponsored health insurance influence workers' ability to take time off when ill or injured. We examined whether and to what extent these workplace benefits complement each other in affecting health‐related work absences, and whether associations varied by employment status, income, and occupation.
Methods
This cross‐sectional study analyzed pooled data from the 2021 and 2023 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a nationally representative survey of US adults. The sample included 31,280 employed adults. Workers were classified into four workplace benefits groups: paid sick leave only, employer‐sponsored health insurance only, both benefits, and neither benefit. The primary outcome was health‐related work absence in the past 12 months. Interaction terms assessed differences in probability of absence by employment status (full‐time vs. part‐time), income (< 400% vs. ≥ 400% of the federal poverty level), and occupation type (Management, Professional, Service, Sales, and Production).
Results
Compared to those with neither benefit, the probability of work absence was 7.3 points higher with employer‐sponsored health insurance only (p < 0.001), 4.6 points higher with paid sick leave only (p = 0.002), and 12.0 points higher with both benefits (p < 0.001). The association between workplace benefits and health‐related work absence varied by employment status, income level, and occupation type (p < 0.001 for all interactions).
Conclusions
Access to paid sick leave and health insurance increased the likelihood of taking time off due to illness or injury, with differences by employment status, income, and occupation. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | ABSTRACT
Background
Workplace benefits such as paid sick leave and employer‐sponsored health insurance influence workers' ability to take time off when ill or injured. We examined whether and to what extent these workplace benefits complement each other in affecting health‐related work absences, and whether associations varied by employment status, income, and occupation.
Methods
This cross‐sectional study analyzed pooled data from the 2021 and 2023 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a nationally representative survey of US adults. The sample included 31,280 employed adults. Workers were classified into four workplace benefits groups: paid sick leave only, employer‐sponsored health insurance only, both benefits, and neither benefit. The primary outcome was health‐related work absence in the past 12 months. Interaction terms assessed differences in probability of absence by employment status (full‐time vs. part‐time), income (< 400% vs. ≥ 400% of the federal poverty level), and occupation type (Management, Professional, Service, Sales, and Production).
Results
Compared to those with neither benefit, the probability of work absence was 7.3 points higher with employer‐sponsored health insurance only (p < 0.001), 4.6 points higher with paid sick leave only (p = 0.002), and 12.0 points higher with both benefits (p < 0.001). The association between workplace benefits and health‐related work absence varied by employment status, income level, and occupation type (p < 0.001 for all interactions).
Conclusions
Access to paid sick leave and health insurance increased the likelihood of taking time off due to illness or injury, with differences by employment status, income, and occupation. Workplace benefits such as paid sick leave and employer-sponsored health insurance influence workers' ability to take time off when ill or injured. We examined whether and to what extent these workplace benefits complement each other in affecting health-related work absences, and whether associations varied by employment status, income, and occupation. This cross-sectional study analyzed pooled data from the 2021 and 2023 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a nationally representative survey of US adults. The sample included 31,280 employed adults. Workers were classified into four workplace benefits groups: paid sick leave only, employer-sponsored health insurance only, both benefits, and neither benefit. The primary outcome was health-related work absence in the past 12 months. Interaction terms assessed differences in probability of absence by employment status (full-time vs. part-time), income (< 400% vs. ≥ 400% of the federal poverty level), and occupation type (Management, Professional, Service, Sales, and Production). Compared to those with neither benefit, the probability of work absence was 7.3 points higher with employer-sponsored health insurance only (p < 0.001), 4.6 points higher with paid sick leave only (p = 0.002), and 12.0 points higher with both benefits (p < 0.001). The association between workplace benefits and health-related work absence varied by employment status, income level, and occupation type (p < 0.001 for all interactions). Access to paid sick leave and health insurance increased the likelihood of taking time off due to illness or injury, with differences by employment status, income, and occupation. Workplace benefits such as paid sick leave and employer-sponsored health insurance influence workers' ability to take time off when ill or injured. We examined whether and to what extent these workplace benefits complement each other in affecting health-related work absences, and whether associations varied by employment status, income, and occupation.BACKGROUNDWorkplace benefits such as paid sick leave and employer-sponsored health insurance influence workers' ability to take time off when ill or injured. We examined whether and to what extent these workplace benefits complement each other in affecting health-related work absences, and whether associations varied by employment status, income, and occupation.This cross-sectional study analyzed pooled data from the 2021 and 2023 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a nationally representative survey of US adults. The sample included 31,280 employed adults. Workers were classified into four workplace benefits groups: paid sick leave only, employer-sponsored health insurance only, both benefits, and neither benefit. The primary outcome was health-related work absence in the past 12 months. Interaction terms assessed differences in probability of absence by employment status (full-time vs. part-time), income (< 400% vs. ≥ 400% of the federal poverty level), and occupation type (Management, Professional, Service, Sales, and Production).METHODSThis cross-sectional study analyzed pooled data from the 2021 and 2023 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a nationally representative survey of US adults. The sample included 31,280 employed adults. Workers were classified into four workplace benefits groups: paid sick leave only, employer-sponsored health insurance only, both benefits, and neither benefit. The primary outcome was health-related work absence in the past 12 months. Interaction terms assessed differences in probability of absence by employment status (full-time vs. part-time), income (< 400% vs. ≥ 400% of the federal poverty level), and occupation type (Management, Professional, Service, Sales, and Production).Compared to those with neither benefit, the probability of work absence was 7.3 points higher with employer-sponsored health insurance only (p < 0.001), 4.6 points higher with paid sick leave only (p = 0.002), and 12.0 points higher with both benefits (p < 0.001). The association between workplace benefits and health-related work absence varied by employment status, income level, and occupation type (p < 0.001 for all interactions).RESULTSCompared to those with neither benefit, the probability of work absence was 7.3 points higher with employer-sponsored health insurance only (p < 0.001), 4.6 points higher with paid sick leave only (p = 0.002), and 12.0 points higher with both benefits (p < 0.001). The association between workplace benefits and health-related work absence varied by employment status, income level, and occupation type (p < 0.001 for all interactions).Access to paid sick leave and health insurance increased the likelihood of taking time off due to illness or injury, with differences by employment status, income, and occupation.CONCLUSIONSAccess to paid sick leave and health insurance increased the likelihood of taking time off due to illness or injury, with differences by employment status, income, and occupation. Background Workplace benefits such as paid sick leave and employer‐sponsored health insurance influence workers' ability to take time off when ill or injured. We examined whether and to what extent these workplace benefits complement each other in affecting health‐related work absences, and whether associations varied by employment status, income, and occupation. Methods This cross‐sectional study analyzed pooled data from the 2021 and 2023 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a nationally representative survey of US adults. The sample included 31,280 employed adults. Workers were classified into four workplace benefits groups: paid sick leave only, employer‐sponsored health insurance only, both benefits, and neither benefit. The primary outcome was health‐related work absence in the past 12 months. Interaction terms assessed differences in probability of absence by employment status (full‐time vs. part‐time), income (< 400% vs. ≥ 400% of the federal poverty level), and occupation type (Management, Professional, Service, Sales, and Production). Results Compared to those with neither benefit, the probability of work absence was 7.3 points higher with employer‐sponsored health insurance only (p < 0.001), 4.6 points higher with paid sick leave only (p = 0.002), and 12.0 points higher with both benefits (p < 0.001). The association between workplace benefits and health‐related work absence varied by employment status, income level, and occupation type (p < 0.001 for all interactions). Conclusions Access to paid sick leave and health insurance increased the likelihood of taking time off due to illness or injury, with differences by employment status, income, and occupation. |
| Author | Stimpson, Jim P. Liao, Joshua M. Billig, Jessica Gurley, Tami |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas Texas USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jim P. orcidid: 0000-0002-1266-9436 surname: Stimpson fullname: Stimpson, Jim P. email: james.stimpson@utsouthwestern.edu organization: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center – sequence: 2 givenname: Jessica surname: Billig fullname: Billig, Jessica organization: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center – sequence: 3 givenname: Tami surname: Gurley fullname: Gurley, Tami organization: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center – sequence: 4 givenname: Joshua M. surname: Liao fullname: Liao, Joshua M. organization: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40345984$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Keywords | income absenteeism employment status health insurance injury occupations workplace sick leave |
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| Snippet | ABSTRACT
Background
Workplace benefits such as paid sick leave and employer‐sponsored health insurance influence workers' ability to take time off when ill or... Workplace benefits such as paid sick leave and employer-sponsored health insurance influence workers' ability to take time off when ill or injured. We examined... Background Workplace benefits such as paid sick leave and employer‐sponsored health insurance influence workers' ability to take time off when ill or injured.... |
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| SubjectTerms | Absenteeism Adult Adults Cross-Sectional Studies Employee benefits Employment Employment - statistics & numerical data employment status Female Health Benefit Plans, Employee - statistics & numerical data Health insurance Humans Income Income - statistics & numerical data injury Insurance Male Middle Aged Occupational health Occupations Occupations - statistics & numerical data Poverty Sick leave Sick Leave - statistics & numerical data Surveys United States workplace Workplace - statistics & numerical data Young Adult |
| Title | The Impact of Employment Status, Income, and Occupation on the Association Between Workplace Benefits and Health‐Related Work Absences |
| URI | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Fajim.23733 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40345984 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3228966900 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3202400764 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12159521 |
| Volume | 68 |
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