Affective map of Warsaw: Testing Alexander’s pattern language theory in an urban landscape
•Presence of Alexander’s patterns in an urban landscape was associated with positive affect.•The patterns were associated mostly with the emotion of relaxation.•Pattern theory is a manifestation of the conservative rather than the progressive place meaning.•With the exception of the downtown, Warsaw...
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| Published in: | Landscape and urban planning Vol. 204; p. 103910 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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01.12.2020
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| ISSN: | 0169-2046, 1872-6062 |
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| Abstract | •Presence of Alexander’s patterns in an urban landscape was associated with positive affect.•The patterns were associated mostly with the emotion of relaxation.•Pattern theory is a manifestation of the conservative rather than the progressive place meaning.•With the exception of the downtown, Warsaw was judged as relaxing and relatively boring.
A pattern language is a set of recipes, described by the architect Christopher Alexander, to help design spaces that will appeal to everybody and satisfy basic human needs. In this paper, we tested (1) whether the presence of patterns in an urban landscape is associated with a positive affect and aesthetic appreciation, and (2) what kind of emotions (low or high arousal) are elicited by settings with identified patterns and thus whether pattern theory is a manifestation of the conservative (enclosed, with continuous identity and offering rest) or the progressive (open, dynamic, and promoting social interaction) meaning of place. Participants evaluated 1310 panoramic pictures covering the entire area of a large European city (Warsaw), according to the four types of elicited affect (relaxation, excitement, irritation, and boredom), aesthetics (pretty vs. ugly settings), and liking. Expert judges estimated the presence of 68 patterns in the same pictures. The findings show that the presence of patterns in an urban landscape was associated with increased positive affect, aesthetic appreciation of the setting, and more liking. The effects of the presence of patterns were not eliminated by the content of the pictures (e.g., the presence or lack of nature). The dominant emotion was that of relaxation, suggesting that pattern language theory is rooted in the conservative (essentialist) rather than the progressive (anti-essentialist) concept of place. Except for the strictly defined downtown, Warsaw was judged as a mostly relaxed, and somewhat boring city. Alternative explanations and suggestions for future studies have been presented. |
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| AbstractList | A pattern language is a set of recipes, described by the architect Christopher Alexander, to help design spaces that will appeal to everybody and satisfy basic human needs. In this paper, we tested (1) whether the presence of patterns in an urban landscape is associated with a positive affect and aesthetic appreciation, and (2) what kind of emotions (low or high arousal) are elicited by settings with identified patterns and thus whether pattern theory is a manifestation of the conservative (enclosed, with continuous identity and offering rest) or the progressive (open, dynamic, and promoting social interaction) meaning of place. Participants evaluated 1310 panoramic pictures covering the entire area of a large European city (Warsaw), according to the four types of elicited affect (relaxation, excitement, irritation, and boredom), aesthetics (pretty vs. ugly settings), and liking. Expert judges estimated the presence of 68 patterns in the same pictures. The findings show that the presence of patterns in an urban landscape was associated with increased positive affect, aesthetic appreciation of the setting, and more liking. The effects of the presence of patterns were not eliminated by the content of the pictures (e.g., the presence or lack of nature). The dominant emotion was that of relaxation, suggesting that pattern language theory is rooted in the conservative (essentialist) rather than the progressive (anti-essentialist) concept of place. Except for the strictly defined downtown, Warsaw was judged as a mostly relaxed, and somewhat boring city. Alternative explanations and suggestions for future studies have been presented. •Presence of Alexander’s patterns in an urban landscape was associated with positive affect.•The patterns were associated mostly with the emotion of relaxation.•Pattern theory is a manifestation of the conservative rather than the progressive place meaning.•With the exception of the downtown, Warsaw was judged as relaxing and relatively boring. A pattern language is a set of recipes, described by the architect Christopher Alexander, to help design spaces that will appeal to everybody and satisfy basic human needs. In this paper, we tested (1) whether the presence of patterns in an urban landscape is associated with a positive affect and aesthetic appreciation, and (2) what kind of emotions (low or high arousal) are elicited by settings with identified patterns and thus whether pattern theory is a manifestation of the conservative (enclosed, with continuous identity and offering rest) or the progressive (open, dynamic, and promoting social interaction) meaning of place. Participants evaluated 1310 panoramic pictures covering the entire area of a large European city (Warsaw), according to the four types of elicited affect (relaxation, excitement, irritation, and boredom), aesthetics (pretty vs. ugly settings), and liking. Expert judges estimated the presence of 68 patterns in the same pictures. The findings show that the presence of patterns in an urban landscape was associated with increased positive affect, aesthetic appreciation of the setting, and more liking. The effects of the presence of patterns were not eliminated by the content of the pictures (e.g., the presence or lack of nature). The dominant emotion was that of relaxation, suggesting that pattern language theory is rooted in the conservative (essentialist) rather than the progressive (anti-essentialist) concept of place. Except for the strictly defined downtown, Warsaw was judged as a mostly relaxed, and somewhat boring city. Alternative explanations and suggestions for future studies have been presented. |
| ArticleNumber | 103910 |
| Author | Lewicka, Maria Iwańczak, Bartłomiej |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Bartłomiej surname: Iwańczak fullname: Iwańczak, Bartłomiej email: b.iwanczak@uw.edu.pl organization: Educational Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland – sequence: 2 givenname: Maria surname: Lewicka fullname: Lewicka, Maria email: marlew@umk.pl organization: Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145 10.1177/0146167204266647 10.1037/13784-000 10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.02.007 10.1002/9781119162124.ch11 10.1037/h0077714 10.1017/CBO9780511820724 10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.01.006 10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101318 |
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| Snippet | •Presence of Alexander’s patterns in an urban landscape was associated with positive affect.•The patterns were associated mostly with the emotion of... A pattern language is a set of recipes, described by the architect Christopher Alexander, to help design spaces that will appeal to everybody and satisfy basic... |
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| SubjectTerms | aesthetics Affect Christopher Alexander Conservative and progressive place meanings humans landscapes Pattern language social behavior |
| Title | Affective map of Warsaw: Testing Alexander’s pattern language theory in an urban landscape |
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