Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an almost twofold increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis
Background and Aim: The magnitude of the risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is poorly known. We gauged the risk of developing T2D and MetS in patients with NAFLD diagnosed by either serum liver enzymes (am...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology Jg. 31; H. 5; S. 936 - 944 |
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| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Australia
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.05.2016
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| ISSN: | 0815-9319, 1440-1746, 1440-1746 |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
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| Abstract | Background and Aim:
The magnitude of the risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is poorly known. We gauged the risk of developing T2D and MetS in patients with NAFLD diagnosed by either serum liver enzymes (aminotransferases or gamma‐glutamyltransferase [GGT]) or ultrasonography.
Methods:
Pertinent prospective studies were identified through extensive electronic database research, and studies fulfilling enrolment criteria were included in the meta‐analysis.
Results
Overall, in a pooled population of 117020 patients (from 20 studies), who were followed‐up for a median period of 5 years (range: 3–14.7 years), NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of incident T2D with a pooled relative risk of 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80–2.15) for alanine aminotransferase, 1.58 (95% CI, 1.43–1.74) for aspartate aminotransferase, 1.86 (95% CI, 1.71–2.03) for GGT (last vs first quartile or quintile), and 1.86 (95% CI, 1.76–1.95) for ultrasonography, respectively. Overall, in a pooled population of 81411 patients (from eight studies) who were followed‐up for a median period of 4.5 years (range: 3–11 years), NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of incident MetS with a pooled relative risk of 1.80 (95% CI, 1.72–1.89) for alanine aminotransferase (last vs first quartile or quintile), 1.98 (95% CI, 1.89–2.07) for GGT, and 3.22 (95% CI, 3.05–3.41) for ultrasonography, respectively.
Conclusions:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as diagnosed by either liver enzymes or ultrasonography, significantly increases the risk of incident T2D and MetS over a median 5‐year follow‐up. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Background and Aim:
The magnitude of the risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is poorly known. We gauged the risk of developing T2D and MetS in patients with NAFLD diagnosed by either serum liver enzymes (aminotransferases or gamma‐glutamyltransferase [GGT]) or ultrasonography.
Methods:
Pertinent prospective studies were identified through extensive electronic database research, and studies fulfilling enrolment criteria were included in the meta‐analysis.
Results
Overall, in a pooled population of 117020 patients (from 20 studies), who were followed‐up for a median period of 5 years (range: 3–14.7 years), NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of incident T2D with a pooled relative risk of 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80–2.15) for alanine aminotransferase, 1.58 (95% CI, 1.43–1.74) for aspartate aminotransferase, 1.86 (95% CI, 1.71–2.03) for GGT (last vs first quartile or quintile), and 1.86 (95% CI, 1.76–1.95) for ultrasonography, respectively. Overall, in a pooled population of 81411 patients (from eight studies) who were followed‐up for a median period of 4.5 years (range: 3–11 years), NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of incident MetS with a pooled relative risk of 1.80 (95% CI, 1.72–1.89) for alanine aminotransferase (last vs first quartile or quintile), 1.98 (95% CI, 1.89–2.07) for GGT, and 3.22 (95% CI, 3.05–3.41) for ultrasonography, respectively.
Conclusions:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as diagnosed by either liver enzymes or ultrasonography, significantly increases the risk of incident T2D and MetS over a median 5‐year follow‐up. The magnitude of the risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is poorly known. We gauged the risk of developing T2D and MetS in patients with NAFLD diagnosed by either serum liver enzymes (aminotransferases or gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT]) or ultrasonography. Pertinent prospective studies were identified through extensive electronic database research, and studies fulfilling enrolment criteria were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, in a pooled population of 117020 patients (from 20 studies), who were followed-up for a median period of 5 years (range: 3-14.7 years), NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of incident T2D with a pooled relative risk of 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80-2.15) for alanine aminotransferase, 1.58 (95% CI, 1.43-1.74) for aspartate aminotransferase, 1.86 (95% CI, 1.71-2.03) for GGT (last vs first quartile or quintile), and 1.86 (95% CI, 1.76-1.95) for ultrasonography, respectively. Overall, in a pooled population of 81411 patients (from eight studies) who were followed-up for a median period of 4.5 years (range: 3-11 years), NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of incident MetS with a pooled relative risk of 1.80 (95% CI, 1.72-1.89) for alanine aminotransferase (last vs first quartile or quintile), 1.98 (95% CI, 1.89-2.07) for GGT, and 3.22 (95% CI, 3.05-3.41) for ultrasonography, respectively. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as diagnosed by either liver enzymes or ultrasonography, significantly increases the risk of incident T2D and MetS over a median 5-year follow-up. The magnitude of the risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is poorly known. We gauged the risk of developing T2D and MetS in patients with NAFLD diagnosed by either serum liver enzymes (aminotransferases or gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT]) or ultrasonography.BACKGROUND AND AIMThe magnitude of the risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is poorly known. We gauged the risk of developing T2D and MetS in patients with NAFLD diagnosed by either serum liver enzymes (aminotransferases or gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT]) or ultrasonography.Pertinent prospective studies were identified through extensive electronic database research, and studies fulfilling enrolment criteria were included in the meta-analysis.METHODSPertinent prospective studies were identified through extensive electronic database research, and studies fulfilling enrolment criteria were included in the meta-analysis.Overall, in a pooled population of 117020 patients (from 20 studies), who were followed-up for a median period of 5 years (range: 3-14.7 years), NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of incident T2D with a pooled relative risk of 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80-2.15) for alanine aminotransferase, 1.58 (95% CI, 1.43-1.74) for aspartate aminotransferase, 1.86 (95% CI, 1.71-2.03) for GGT (last vs first quartile or quintile), and 1.86 (95% CI, 1.76-1.95) for ultrasonography, respectively. Overall, in a pooled population of 81411 patients (from eight studies) who were followed-up for a median period of 4.5 years (range: 3-11 years), NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of incident MetS with a pooled relative risk of 1.80 (95% CI, 1.72-1.89) for alanine aminotransferase (last vs first quartile or quintile), 1.98 (95% CI, 1.89-2.07) for GGT, and 3.22 (95% CI, 3.05-3.41) for ultrasonography, respectively.RESULTSOverall, in a pooled population of 117020 patients (from 20 studies), who were followed-up for a median period of 5 years (range: 3-14.7 years), NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of incident T2D with a pooled relative risk of 1.97 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80-2.15) for alanine aminotransferase, 1.58 (95% CI, 1.43-1.74) for aspartate aminotransferase, 1.86 (95% CI, 1.71-2.03) for GGT (last vs first quartile or quintile), and 1.86 (95% CI, 1.76-1.95) for ultrasonography, respectively. Overall, in a pooled population of 81411 patients (from eight studies) who were followed-up for a median period of 4.5 years (range: 3-11 years), NAFLD was associated with an increased risk of incident MetS with a pooled relative risk of 1.80 (95% CI, 1.72-1.89) for alanine aminotransferase (last vs first quartile or quintile), 1.98 (95% CI, 1.89-2.07) for GGT, and 3.22 (95% CI, 3.05-3.41) for ultrasonography, respectively.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as diagnosed by either liver enzymes or ultrasonography, significantly increases the risk of incident T2D and MetS over a median 5-year follow-up.CONCLUSIONSNonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as diagnosed by either liver enzymes or ultrasonography, significantly increases the risk of incident T2D and MetS over a median 5-year follow-up. |
| Author | Romagnoli, Dante Lonardo, Amedeo Baldelli, Enrica Targher, Giovanni Zona, Stefano Ballestri, Stefano Roverato, Alberto Guaraldi, Giovanni Nascimbeni, Fabio |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Stefano surname: Ballestri fullname: Ballestri, Stefano email: stefanoballestri@tiscali.it organization: Azienda USL, Internal Medicine, Pavullo Hospital, Pavullo, Italy – sequence: 2 givenname: Stefano surname: Zona fullname: Zona, Stefano organization: University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Metabolic Clinic, Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Policlinico Hospital, Modena, Italy – sequence: 3 givenname: Giovanni surname: Targher fullname: Targher, Giovanni organization: Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Verona and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy – sequence: 4 givenname: Dante surname: Romagnoli fullname: Romagnoli, Dante organization: Azienda USL, Outpatient Liver Clinic and Internal Medicine, NOCSAE, Modena, Italy – sequence: 5 givenname: Enrica surname: Baldelli fullname: Baldelli, Enrica organization: Azienda USL, Outpatient Liver Clinic and Internal Medicine, NOCSAE, Modena, Italy – sequence: 6 givenname: Fabio surname: Nascimbeni fullname: Nascimbeni, Fabio organization: Azienda USL, Outpatient Liver Clinic and Internal Medicine, NOCSAE, Modena, Italy – sequence: 7 givenname: Alberto surname: Roverato fullname: Roverato, Alberto organization: Department of Statistics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy – sequence: 8 givenname: Giovanni surname: Guaraldi fullname: Guaraldi, Giovanni organization: University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Metabolic Clinic, Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Policlinico Hospital, Modena, Italy – sequence: 9 givenname: Amedeo surname: Lonardo fullname: Lonardo, Amedeo organization: Azienda USL, Outpatient Liver Clinic and Internal Medicine, NOCSAE, Modena, Italy |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26667191$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Liver enzymes, race, gender and diabetes risk: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Diabet. Med. 2013; 30: 926-33. Olynyk JK, Knuiman MW, Divitini ML, Davis TM, Beilby J, Hung J. Serum alanine aminotransferase, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease in an Australian population. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2009; 104: 1715-22. Zelber-Sagi S, Lotan R, Shibolet O et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease independently predicts prediabetes during a 7-year prospective follow-up. Liver Int. 2013; 33: 1406-12. André P, Balkau B, Born C et al. Hepatic markers and development of type 2 diabetes in middle aged men and women: a three-year follow-up study. Diabetes Metab. 2005; 31: 542-50. Shibata M, Kihara Y, Taguchi M, Tashiro M, Otsuki M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2940-4. Arulanandan A, Ang B, Bettencourt R et al. Association between quantity of liver fat and cardiovascular risk in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease independent of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2015; 13: 1513-20. Ekstedt M, Franzén LE, Mathiesen UL et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatology 2006; 44: 865-73. Suh YJ, Park SK, Choi JM, Ryoo JH. The clinical importance of serum γ-glutamyltransferase level as an early predictor of obesity development in Korean men. Atherosclerosis 2013; 227: 437-41. Ryoo JH, Choi JM, Moon SY et al. The clinical availability of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as an early predictor of the metabolic syndrome in Korean men: 5-year's prospective cohort study. Atherosclerosis 2013; 227: 398-403. Ahn HR, Shin MH, Nam HS et al. The association between liver enzymes and risk of type 2 diabetes: the Namwon study. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 2014; 6: 14. Adams LA, Waters OR, Knuiman MW, Elliott RR, Olynyk JK. NAFLD as a risk factor for the development of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: an eleven-year follow-up study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2009; 104: 861-7. Onat A, Can G, Örnek E, Çiçek G, Ayhan E, Doğan Y. Serum γ-glutamyltransferase: independent predictor of risk of diabetes, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and coronary disease. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20: 842-8. Kasturiratne A, Weerasinghe S, Dassanayake AS et al. Influence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on the development of diabetes mellitus. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2013; 28: 142-7. Ballestri S, Romagnoli D, Nascimbeni F, Francica G, Lonardo A. Role of ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its complications. Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2015; 9: 603-27. Orozco LJ, Buchleitner AM, Gimenez-Perez G et al. Exercise or exercise and diet for preventing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2008 CD003054. Ryoo JH, Oh CM, Kim HS, Park SK, Choi JM. Clinical association between serum γ-glutamyltransferase levels and the development of insulin resistance in Korean men: a 5-year follow-up study. Diabet. Med. 2014; 31: 455-61. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat. Med. 2002; 21: 1539-58. Sung KC, Wild SH, Byrne CD. Resolution of fatty liver and risk of incident diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013; 98: 3637-43. Liu CF, Zhou WN, Fang NY. Gamma-glutamyltransferase levels and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2012; 66: 692-8. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Lennon L, Whincup PH. Hepatic enzymes, the metabolic syndrome, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older men. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2913-8. Sato KK, Hayashi T, Nakamura Y et al. Liver enzymes compared with alcohol consumption in predicting the risk of type 2 diabetes: the Kansai Healthcare Study. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1230-6. 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Kunutsor SK, Apekey TA, Seddoh D. Gamma-glutamyltransferase and metabolic syndrome risk: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2015; 69: 136-44. Bril F, Ortiz-Lopez C, Lomonaco R et al. Clinical value of liver ultrasound for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in overweight and obese patients. Liver Int. 2015; 35: 2139-46. Fraser A, Harris R, Sattar N, Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G, Lawlor DA. Alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and incident diabetes: the British Women's Heart and Health Study and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 741-50. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M et al. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2008; 61: 344-9. Lee DH, Ha MH, Kim JH et al. Gammaglutamyltransferase and diabetes-a 4 year follow-up study. Diabetologia 2003; 46: 359-64. Hanley AJ, WilliaMetS K, Festa A, Wagenknecht LE, D'Agostino RB Jr, Haffner SM. Liver markers and development of the metabolic syndrome: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes 2005; 54: 3140-7. Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, Pagano G. Meta-analysis: natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for liver disease severity. Ann. Med. 2011; 43: 617-49. Sattar N, Scherbakova O, Ford I et al. Elevated alanine aminotransferase predicts new-onset type 2 diabetes independently of classical risk factors, metabolic syndrome, and C-reactive protein in the west of Scotland coronary prevention study. Diabetes 2004; 53: 2855-60. Chitraju C, Trötzmüller M, Hartler J et al. The impact of genetic stress by ATGL deficiency on the lipidome of lipid droplets from murine hepatocytes. J. Lipid Res. 2013; 54: 2185-94. Liu Z, Que S, Ning H, Wang L, Peng T. Elevated alanine aminotransferase is strongly associated with incident metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS One 2013; 8: e80596. Jo SK, Lee WY, Rhee EJ et al. Serum (gamma)-glutamyl transferase activity predicts future development of metabolic syndrome defined by 2 different criteria. Clin. Chim. Acta 2009; 403: 234-40. Cicero AF, D'Addato S, Reggi A, Marchesini G, Borghi C, Heart Study B. Gender difference in hepatic steatosis index and lipid accumulation product ability to predict incident metabolic syndrome in the historical cohort of the Brisighella Heart Study. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 2013; 11: 412-6. Cho NH, Jang HC, Choi SH et al. Abnormal liver function test predicts type 2 diabetes: a community-based prospective study. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 2566-8. Monami M, Bardini G, Lamanna C et al. Liver enzymes and risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease: results of the Firenze Bagno a Ripoli (FIBAR) study. Metabolism 2008; 57: 387-92. Xu Y, Bi YF, Xu M et al. Cross-sectional and longitudinal association of serum alanine aminotransaminase and γ-glutamyltransferase with metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people. J. Diabetes 2011; 3: 38-47. Fan JG, Li F, Cai XB, Peng YD, Ao QH, Gao Y. Effects of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on the development of metabolic disorders. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2007; 22: 1086-91. Kim CH, Park JY, Lee KU, Kim JH, Kim HK. Association of serum gamma-glutamyl 2015; 35 2010; 10 2010; 59 2015; 38 2013; 28 2013; 2 2004; 27 2010; 18 2002; 51 2005; 258 2003; 13 2008; 34 2008; 31 2007; 30 2013; 8 2005; 28 2015; 47 2013; 59 2013; 11 2013; 54 2013; 98 2013; 57 2003; 46 2008; 25 2005; 31 2003; 49 2013; 110 2008; 61 2014; 9 2007; 22 2014; 6 2012; 66 2012; 20 2009; 403 2007; 27 2015; 13 2009; 25 2011 2013; 108 2013; 227 2008 2008; 57 2011; 3 2015; 9 2012; 33 2007; 15 2004; 53 2015; 69 2011; 108 2009; 32 2013; 33 2015; 62 2006; 44 2002; 21 2013; 30 2011; 43 2005; 54 2015 2008; 135 2009; 104 2014; 31 2009; 106 e_1_2_5_27_1 e_1_2_5_25_1 e_1_2_5_48_1 e_1_2_5_23_1 e_1_2_5_46_1 e_1_2_5_21_1 e_1_2_5_44_1 e_1_2_5_65_1 e_1_2_5_67_1 e_1_2_5_69_1 e_1_2_5_29_1 e_1_2_5_61_1 e_1_2_5_63_1 e_1_2_5_42_1 e_1_2_5_40_1 e_1_2_5_15_1 e_1_2_5_38_1 e_1_2_5_17_1 e_1_2_5_36_1 e_1_2_5_59_1 e_1_2_5_9_1 e_1_2_5_11_1 e_1_2_5_34_1 e_1_2_5_57_1 e_1_2_5_7_1 e_1_2_5_13_1 e_1_2_5_32_1 e_1_2_5_55_1 e_1_2_5_5_1 e_1_2_5_76_1 e_1_2_5_3_1 e_1_2_5_19_1 e_1_2_5_70_1 e_1_2_5_72_1 e_1_2_5_74_1 e_1_2_5_30_1 e_1_2_5_53_1 e_1_2_5_51_1 e_1_2_5_28_1 e_1_2_5_49_1 e_1_2_5_26_1 e_1_2_5_47_1 e_1_2_5_24_1 e_1_2_5_45_1 e_1_2_5_22_1 e_1_2_5_43_1 e_1_2_5_66_1 e_1_2_5_68_1 e_1_2_5_60_1 e_1_2_5_62_1 e_1_2_5_64_1 e_1_2_5_20_1 e_1_2_5_41_1 e_1_2_5_14_1 e_1_2_5_39_1 e_1_2_5_16_1 e_1_2_5_37_1 e_1_2_5_58_1 e_1_2_5_8_1 e_1_2_5_10_1 e_1_2_5_35_1 e_1_2_5_56_1 e_1_2_5_6_1 e_1_2_5_12_1 e_1_2_5_33_1 e_1_2_5_54_1 e_1_2_5_4_1 e_1_2_5_2_1 e_1_2_5_18_1 e_1_2_5_71_1 e_1_2_5_73_1 e_1_2_5_75_1 e_1_2_5_31_1 e_1_2_5_52_1 e_1_2_5_50_1 |
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The magnitude of the risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver... The magnitude of the risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is... |
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| SubjectTerms | Alanine Transaminase - blood ALT Aspartate Aminotransferases - blood AST Biomarkers - blood Chi-Square Distribution Clinical Enzyme Tests Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - diagnosis Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology gamma-Glutamyltransferase - blood GGT Humans Incidence Liver enzymes Metabolic Syndrome Metabolic Syndrome - diagnosis Metabolic Syndrome - epidemiology NAFLD Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - blood Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - diagnostic imaging Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - epidemiology Prognosis Risk Assessment Risk Factors Time Factors Ultrasonography |
| Title | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an almost twofold increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis |
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