A Deep Learning Approach for Real-Time Intrusion Mitigation in Automotive Controller Area Networks

The digital revolution has profoundly influenced the automotive industry, shifting the paradigm from conventional vehicles to smart cars (SCs). The SCs rely on in-vehicle communication among electronic control units (ECUs) enabled by assorted protocols. The Controller Area Network (CAN) serves as th...

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Vydáno v:World electric vehicle journal Ročník 16; číslo 9; s. 492
Hlavní autoři: Kousar, Anila, Ahmed, Saeed, Khan, Zafar A.
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Basel MDPI AG 01.09.2025
Témata:
Automobiles
Control equipment
Controller area network
Controllers
cyber-attacks
Cybersecurity
Data integrity
Data recovery
Deep learning
deep-denoising autoencoder
Electronic control
Explainable artificial intelligence
Intelligent vehicles
Intrusion
intrusions mitigation
Machine learning
Neural networks
Real time
Sensors
Smart cars
ISSN:2032-6653, 2032-6653
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Shrnutí:The digital revolution has profoundly influenced the automotive industry, shifting the paradigm from conventional vehicles to smart cars (SCs). The SCs rely on in-vehicle communication among electronic control units (ECUs) enabled by assorted protocols. The Controller Area Network (CAN) serves as the de facto standard for interconnecting these units, enabling critical functionalities. However, inherited non-delineation in SCs— transmits messages without explicit destination addressing—poses significant security risks, necessitating the evolution of an astute and resilient self-defense mechanism (SDM) to neutralize cyber threats. To this end, this study introduces a lightweight intrusion mitigation mechanism based on an adaptive momentum-based deep denoising autoencoder (AM-DDAE). Employing real-time CAN bus data from renowned smart vehicles, the proposed framework effectively reconstructs original data compromised by adversarial activities. Simulation results illustrate the efficacy of the AM-DDAE-based SDM, achieving a reconstruction error (RE) of less than 1% and an average execution time of 0.145532 s for data recovery. When validated on a new unseen attack, and on an Adversarial Machine Learning attack, the proposed model demonstrated equally strong performance with RE < 1%. Furthermore, the model’s decision-making capabilities were analysed using Explainable AI techinques such as SHAP and LIME. Additionally, the scheme offers applicable deployment flexibility: it can either be (a) embedded directly into individual ECU firmware or (b) implemented as a centralized hardware component interfacing between the CAN bus and ECUs, preloaded with the proposed mitigation algorithm.
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ISSN:2032-6653
2032-6653
DOI:10.3390/wevj16090492