Contact allergy to and allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasers: A clinical review and update

This review aims to provide a clinically useful update regarding the role of formaldehyde (FA) and its five main releasers (FRs) quaternium‐15, diazolidinyl urea, DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, and 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol (bronopol) in contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis. T...

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Published in:Contact dermatitis Vol. 87; no. 1; pp. 20 - 27
Main Authors: Goossens, An, Aerts, Olivier
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.07.2022
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects:
allergic contact dermatitis
Allergies
Atopy
bronopol
Contact dermatitis
Cosmetics
Dermatitis
Detergents
diazolidinyl urea
DMDM hydantoin
Eczema
Formaldehyde
formaldehyde releasers
imidazolidinyl urea
Impetigo
Medical equipment
Preservatives
quaternium‐15
Urea
preservatives
quaternium-15
formaldehyde
allergic contact dermatitis
imidazolidinyl urea
diazolidinyl urea
bronopol
formaldehyde releasers
DMDM hydantoin
cosmetics
ISSN:0105-1873, 1600-0536, 1600-0536
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:This review aims to provide a clinically useful update regarding the role of formaldehyde (FA) and its five main releasers (FRs) quaternium‐15, diazolidinyl urea, DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, and 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol (bronopol) in contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis. These ubiquitous preservatives are still often present, and sometimes undeclared, in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, household detergents, and chemical (industrial) products. In Europe, the use of free FA and quaternium‐15 in cosmetics is forbidden and contact allergy rates have been found to be stable to decreasing. However, FA/FRs still readily provoke localized (eg, facial/hand), airborne, and generalized dermatitis, and may also complicate atopic and stasis dermatitis, or result in nummular dermatitis. Seborrheic‐, rosacea‐ and impetigo‐like dermatitis have recently been reported. For a correct diagnosis, FA 2% aq. (0.60 mg/cm2) should be used, and particularly the FRs bronopol 0.5% pet. and diazolidinyl urea 2% pet. should be patch tested separately in a baseline series. If sensitization to FA occurs, both FA and FRs should preferably be avoided, except perhaps for bronopol in case it tests negatively. If a patient reacts to one or more FRs (such as bronopol or diazolidinyl/imidazolidinyl urea), but not to FA, then the specific FR(s) should be avoided.
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ISSN:0105-1873
1600-0536
1600-0536
DOI:10.1111/cod.14089