Statistical Validation of Risk Alleles in Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) Test: Early Identification of Risk for Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in 74,566 Case–Control Subjects

Since 1990, when our laboratory published the association of the DRD2 Taq A1 allele and severe alcoholism in JAMA, there has been an explosion of genetic candidate association studies, including GWAS. To develop an accurate test to help identify those at risk for at least Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD),...

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Published in:Journal of personalized medicine Vol. 12; no. 9; p. 1385
Main Authors: Blum, Kenneth, Han, David, Gupta, Ashim, Baron, David, Braverman, Eric R., Dennen, Catherine A., Kazmi, Shan, Llanos-Gomez, Luis, Badgaiyan, Rajendra D., Elman, Igor, Thanos, Panayotis K., Downs, Bill W., Bagchi, Debasis, Gondre-Lewis, Marjorie C., Gold, Mark S., Bowirrat, Abdalla
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Basel MDPI AG 26.08.2022
MDPI
Subjects:
Addictions
Addictive behaviors
Alcohol use
Alcoholism
Alleles
Behavior
Brain research
Compliance
Dopamine
Dopamine D2 receptors
Dopamine D3 receptors
Dopamine D4 receptors
FDA approval
Gene polymorphism
Genes
Genomics
Homeostasis
Narcotics
Neurotransmitters
Polymorphism
Precision medicine
Respiratory distress syndrome
Statistical analysis
Statistics
United States > US
ISSN:2075-4426, 2075-4426
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Since 1990, when our laboratory published the association of the DRD2 Taq A1 allele and severe alcoholism in JAMA, there has been an explosion of genetic candidate association studies, including GWAS. To develop an accurate test to help identify those at risk for at least Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), Blum’s group developed the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test, consisting of ten genes and eleven associated risk alleles. In order to statistically validate the selection of these risk alleles measured by GARS, we applied strict analysis to studies that investigated the association of each polymorphism with AUD or AUD-related conditions published from 1990 until 2021. This analysis calculated the Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium of each polymorphism in cases and controls. If available, the Pearson’s χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test was applied to comparisons of the gender, genotype, and allele distribution. The statistical analyses found the OR, 95% CI for OR, and a post-risk for 8% estimation of the population’s alcoholism prevalence revealed a significant detection. The OR results showed significance for DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, DAT1, COMT, OPRM1, and 5HTT at 5%. While most of the research related to GARS is derived from our laboratory, we are encouraging more independent research to confirm our findings.
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ISSN:2075-4426
2075-4426
DOI:10.3390/jpm12091385