Schnyder Decompositions for Regular Plane Graphs and Application to Drawing

Schnyder woods are decompositions of simple triangulations into three edge-disjoint spanning trees crossing each other in a specific way. In this article, we generalize the definition of Schnyder woods to d -angulations (plane graphs with faces of degree d ) for all d ≥3. A Schnyder decomposition is...

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Vydáno v:Algorithmica Ročník 62; číslo 3-4; s. 1159 - 1197
Hlavní autoři: Bernardi, Olivier, Fusy, Éric
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: New York Springer-Verlag 01.04.2012
Springer
Springer Verlag
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ISSN:0178-4617, 1432-0541
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Shrnutí:Schnyder woods are decompositions of simple triangulations into three edge-disjoint spanning trees crossing each other in a specific way. In this article, we generalize the definition of Schnyder woods to d -angulations (plane graphs with faces of degree d ) for all d ≥3. A Schnyder decomposition is a set of d spanning forests crossing each other in a specific way, and such that each internal edge is part of exactly d −2 of the spanning forests. We show that a Schnyder decomposition exists if and only if the girth of the d -angulation is d . As in the case of Schnyder woods ( d =3), there are alternative formulations in terms of orientations (“fractional” orientations when d ≥5) and in terms of corner-labellings. Moreover, the set of Schnyder decompositions of a fixed d -angulation of girth d has a natural structure of distributive lattice. We also study the dual of Schnyder decompositions which are defined on d -regular plane graphs of mincut d with a distinguished vertex v ∗ : these are sets of d spanning trees rooted at v ∗ crossing each other in a specific way and such that each edge not incident to v ∗ is used by two trees in opposite directions. Additionally, for even values of d , we show that a subclass of Schnyder decompositions, which are called even, enjoy additional properties that yield a reduced formulation; in the case d =4, these correspond to well-studied structures on simple quadrangulations (2-orientations and partitions into 2 spanning trees). In the case d =4, we obtain straight-line and orthogonal planar drawing algorithms by using the dual of even Schnyder decompositions. For a 4-regular plane graph G of mincut 4 with a distinguished vertex v ∗ and n −1 other vertices, our algorithms places the vertices of G \ v ∗ on a ( n −2)×( n −2) grid according to a permutation pattern, and in the orthogonal drawing each of the 2 n −4 edges of G \ v ∗ has exactly one bend. The vertex v ∗ can be embedded at the cost of 3 additional rows and columns, and 8 additional bends. We also describe a further compaction step for the drawing algorithms and show that the obtained grid-size is strongly concentrated around 25 n /32×25 n /32 for a uniformly random instance with n vertices.
ISSN:0178-4617
1432-0541
DOI:10.1007/s00453-011-9514-5