Thresholds and hotspots for shrub restoration following a heterogeneous megafire

Context Reestablishing foundational plant species through aerial seeding is an essential yet challenging step for restoring the vast semiarid landscapes impacted by plant invasions and wildfire-regime shifts. A key component of the challenge stems from landscape variability and its effects on plant...

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Veröffentlicht in:Landscape ecology Jg. 33; H. 7; S. 1177 - 1194
Hauptverfasser: Germino, Matthew J., Barnard, David M., Davidson, Bill E., Arkle, Robert S., Pilliod, David S., Fisk, Matthew R., Applestein, Cara
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.07.2018
Springer Nature B.V
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ISSN:0921-2973, 1572-9761
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Abstract Context Reestablishing foundational plant species through aerial seeding is an essential yet challenging step for restoring the vast semiarid landscapes impacted by plant invasions and wildfire-regime shifts. A key component of the challenge stems from landscape variability and its effects on plant recovery. Objectives We assessed landscape correlates, thresholds, and tipping points for sagebrush presence from fine-scale sampling across a large, heterogeneous area burned the previous year, where we were able to quantify soil surface features that are typically occluded yet can strongly affect recovery patterns. Methods Hypothesis testing and binary-decision trees were used to evaluate factors affecting initial sagebrush establishment, using 2171 field plots (totaling ~ 2,000,000 m 2 sampled) over a 113,000-ha region. Results Sagebrush established in 50% of plots where it was seeded, a > 12-fold greater establishment frequency than in unseeded areas. Sagebrush establishment was enhanced in threshold-like ways by elevation (> 1200 m ASL), topographic features that alter heatload and soil water, and by soil-surface features such as “fertile islands” that bore the imprint of pre-fire sagebrush. Sagebrush occupancy had a negative, linear relationship with exotic-annual grass cover and parabolic relationship with perennial bunchgrasses (optimal at 40% cover). Conclusions Our approach revealed interactive, ecological relationships such as novel soil-surface effects on first year establishment of sagebrush across the burned landscape, and identified “hot spots” for recovery. The approach could be expanded across sites and years to provide the information needed to explain past seeding successes or failures, and in designing treatments at the landscape scale.
AbstractList Context Reestablishing foundational plant species through aerial seeding is an essential yet challenging step for restoring the vast semiarid landscapes impacted by plant invasions and wildfire-regime shifts. A key component of the challenge stems from landscape variability and its effects on plant recovery. Objectives We assessed landscape correlates, thresholds, and tipping points for sagebrush presence from fine-scale sampling across a large, heterogeneous area burned the previous year, where we were able to quantify soil surface features that are typically occluded yet can strongly affect recovery patterns. Methods Hypothesis testing and binary-decision trees were used to evaluate factors affecting initial sagebrush establishment, using 2171 field plots (totaling ~ 2,000,000 m 2 sampled) over a 113,000-ha region. Results Sagebrush established in 50% of plots where it was seeded, a > 12-fold greater establishment frequency than in unseeded areas. Sagebrush establishment was enhanced in threshold-like ways by elevation (> 1200 m ASL), topographic features that alter heatload and soil water, and by soil-surface features such as “fertile islands” that bore the imprint of pre-fire sagebrush. Sagebrush occupancy had a negative, linear relationship with exotic-annual grass cover and parabolic relationship with perennial bunchgrasses (optimal at 40% cover). Conclusions Our approach revealed interactive, ecological relationships such as novel soil-surface effects on first year establishment of sagebrush across the burned landscape, and identified “hot spots” for recovery. The approach could be expanded across sites and years to provide the information needed to explain past seeding successes or failures, and in designing treatments at the landscape scale.
ContextReestablishing foundational plant species through aerial seeding is an essential yet challenging step for restoring the vast semiarid landscapes impacted by plant invasions and wildfire-regime shifts. A key component of the challenge stems from landscape variability and its effects on plant recovery.ObjectivesWe assessed landscape correlates, thresholds, and tipping points for sagebrush presence from fine-scale sampling across a large, heterogeneous area burned the previous year, where we were able to quantify soil surface features that are typically occluded yet can strongly affect recovery patterns.MethodsHypothesis testing and binary-decision trees were used to evaluate factors affecting initial sagebrush establishment, using 2171 field plots (totaling ~ 2,000,000 m2 sampled) over a 113,000-ha region.ResultsSagebrush established in 50% of plots where it was seeded, a > 12-fold greater establishment frequency than in unseeded areas. Sagebrush establishment was enhanced in threshold-like ways by elevation (> 1200 m ASL), topographic features that alter heatload and soil water, and by soil-surface features such as “fertile islands” that bore the imprint of pre-fire sagebrush. Sagebrush occupancy had a negative, linear relationship with exotic-annual grass cover and parabolic relationship with perennial bunchgrasses (optimal at 40% cover).ConclusionsOur approach revealed interactive, ecological relationships such as novel soil-surface effects on first year establishment of sagebrush across the burned landscape, and identified “hot spots” for recovery. The approach could be expanded across sites and years to provide the information needed to explain past seeding successes or failures, and in designing treatments at the landscape scale.
CONTEXT: Reestablishing foundational plant species through aerial seeding is an essential yet challenging step for restoring the vast semiarid landscapes impacted by plant invasions and wildfire-regime shifts. A key component of the challenge stems from landscape variability and its effects on plant recovery. OBJECTIVES: We assessed landscape correlates, thresholds, and tipping points for sagebrush presence from fine-scale sampling across a large, heterogeneous area burned the previous year, where we were able to quantify soil surface features that are typically occluded yet can strongly affect recovery patterns. METHODS: Hypothesis testing and binary-decision trees were used to evaluate factors affecting initial sagebrush establishment, using 2171 field plots (totaling ~ 2,000,000 m² sampled) over a 113,000-ha region. RESULTS: Sagebrush established in 50% of plots where it was seeded, a > 12-fold greater establishment frequency than in unseeded areas. Sagebrush establishment was enhanced in threshold-like ways by elevation (> 1200 m ASL), topographic features that alter heatload and soil water, and by soil-surface features such as “fertile islands” that bore the imprint of pre-fire sagebrush. Sagebrush occupancy had a negative, linear relationship with exotic-annual grass cover and parabolic relationship with perennial bunchgrasses (optimal at 40% cover). CONCLUSIONS: Our approach revealed interactive, ecological relationships such as novel soil-surface effects on first year establishment of sagebrush across the burned landscape, and identified “hot spots” for recovery. The approach could be expanded across sites and years to provide the information needed to explain past seeding successes or failures, and in designing treatments at the landscape scale.
Author Pilliod, David S.
Applestein, Cara
Arkle, Robert S.
Germino, Matthew J.
Davidson, Bill E.
Fisk, Matthew R.
Barnard, David M.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Matthew J.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-6326-7579
  surname: Germino
  fullname: Germino, Matthew J.
  email: mgermino@usgs.gov
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
– sequence: 2
  givenname: David M.
  surname: Barnard
  fullname: Barnard, David M.
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Bill E.
  surname: Davidson
  fullname: Davidson, Bill E.
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Robert S.
  surname: Arkle
  fullname: Arkle, Robert S.
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
– sequence: 5
  givenname: David S.
  surname: Pilliod
  fullname: Pilliod, David S.
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Matthew R.
  surname: Fisk
  fullname: Fisk, Matthew R.
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Cara
  surname: Applestein
  fullname: Applestein, Cara
  organization: U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright This is a U.S. government work and its text is not subject to copyright protection in the United States; however, its text may be subject to foreign copyright protection 2018
Landscape Ecology is a copyright of Springer, (2018). All Rights Reserved.
Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Jul 2018
Copyright_xml – notice: This is a U.S. government work and its text is not subject to copyright protection in the United States; however, its text may be subject to foreign copyright protection 2018
– notice: Landscape Ecology is a copyright of Springer, (2018). All Rights Reserved.
– notice: Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Jul 2018
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IsScholarly true
Issue 7
Keywords Legacies
Landscape
Restoration
Mixed model
Fire
Sagebrush
Classification tree
Language English
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c377t-ed6d62217f3560b8d0175c792f4998f267ddebacd529409524b792e2914def1a3
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0001-6326-7579
PQID 2055369803
PQPubID 54617
PageCount 18
ParticipantIDs proquest_miscellaneous_2153610065
proquest_journals_3196603961
proquest_journals_2055369803
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10980_018_0662_8
crossref_citationtrail_10_1007_s10980_018_0662_8
springer_journals_10_1007_s10980_018_0662_8
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 20180700
2018-7-00
20180701
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2018-07-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 7
  year: 2018
  text: 20180700
PublicationDecade 2010
PublicationPlace Dordrecht
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Dordrecht
PublicationTitle Landscape ecology
PublicationTitleAbbrev Landscape Ecol
PublicationYear 2018
Publisher Springer Netherlands
Springer Nature B.V
Publisher_xml – name: Springer Netherlands
– name: Springer Nature B.V
References Hulvey KB, Leger EA, Porensky LM, Roche LM, Veblen KE, Fund A, Shaw J, Gornish ES (2017) Restoration islands: at tool for efficiently restoring dryland ecosystems? Restor Ecol. Online first
McCuneBKeonDMarrsREquations for potential annual direct incident radiation and heatloadJ Veg Sci20021360360610.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02087.x
BrudvigLABarakRSBauerJTCaughlinTTLaughlinDCLariosLMatthewsJWStubleKLTurleyNEZirbelCRInterpreting variation to advance predictive restoration scienceJ Appl Ecol2017541018102710.1111/1365-2664.12938
DiCristinaKGerminoMCorrelation of neighborhood relationships, carbon assimilation, and water status of sagebrush seedlings establishing after fireWest N Am Nat20066644144910.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[441:CONRCA]2.0.CO;2
Burkett LM, Bestelmeyer BT, Tugel AJ (2011) A field guide to pedoderm and pattern classes. Version 2.2. http://jornada.nmsu.edu/files/FieldGuidePedodermPattern.pdf
CopelandSMMunsonSMPilliodDSWeltyJLBradfordJBButterfieldBJLong-term trends in restoration and associated land treatments in the southwestern United StatesRestor Ecol20172631132210.1111/rec.12574
SchlaepferDRLauenrothWKBradfordJBModeling regeneration responses of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) to abiotic conditionsEcol Model2014286667710.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.04.021
BatesDMaechlerMBolkerBWalkerSlme4: linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4R Package Version20141123
KnutsonKCPykeDAWirthTAArkleRSPilliodDSBrooksMLChambersJCGraceJBLong-term effects of seeding after wildfire on vegetation in Great Basin shrubland ecosystemsJ Appl Ecol2014511414142410.1111/1365-2664.12309
EiswerthMEKrauterKSwansonSRZielinskiMPost-fire seeding on Wyoming big sagebrush ecological sites: regression analyses of seeded nonnative and native species densitiesJ Environ Manag2009901320132510.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.009
RottlerCMBurkeICPalmquistKABradfordJBLauenrothWKReclamation after oil and gas development does not speed up succession or plant community recovery in big sagebrush ecosystems in WyomingRestor Ecol20172611412310.1111/rec.12543
HooverANGerminoMJA common-garden study of resource-island effects on a native and an exotic, annual grass after fireRangel Ecol Manag20126516017010.2111/REM-D-11-00026.1
GerminoMJReinhardtKDesert shrub responses to experimental modification of precipitation seasonality and soil depth: relationship to the two-layer hypothesis and ecohydrological nicheJ Ecol201410298999710.1111/1365-2745.12266
D’AntonioCMVitousekPMBiological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global changeAnnu Rev Ecol Syst199223638710.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.000431
HassanMAWestNEDynamics of soil seed pools in burned and unburned sagebrush semi-desertsEcology19866726927210.2307/1938531
BolkerBMBrooksMEClarkCJGeangeSWPoulsenJRStevensMHHWhiteJSSGeneralized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolutionTrends Ecol Evolut20092412713510.1016/j.tree.2008.10.008
SchlaepferDRLauenrothWKBradfordJBNatural regeneration processes in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)Rangel Ecol Manag20146734435710.2111/REM-D-13-00079.1
BevenKKirkbyMJA physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrologyHydrol Sci J197924436910.1080/02626667909491834
BochetEGarcía-FayosPAlborchBTormoJSoil water availability effects on seed germination account for species segregation in semiarid roadslopesPlant Soil200729517919110.1007/s11104-007-9274-91:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmsFKjtb0%3D
RinellaMJHammondDHBryantA-EMKozarBJHigh precipitation and seeded species competition reduce seeded shrub establishment during dryland restorationEcol Appl2015251044105310.1890/14-1110.126465041
HardegreeSPAbatzoglouJTBrunsonMWGerminoMJHegewischKCMoffetCAPilliodDSRoundyBABoehmARMeredithGRWeather-centric rangeland revegetation planningRangel Ecol Manag20177111110.1016/j.rama.2017.07.003
PrevéyJSGerminoMJHuntlyNJInouyeRSExotic plants increase and native plants decrease with loss of foundation species in sagebrush steppePlant Ecol2010207395110.1007/s11258-009-9652-x
Applestein C, Germino MJ, Fisk MJ (accepted) Vegetation community response to landscape scale post-fire herbicide (imazapic) application. Invasive Plant Sci Manag
R Core TeamR: a language and environment for statistical computing2017Vienna, AustriaR Foundation for Statistical Computing
ReisnerMDGraceJBPykeDADoescherPSConditions favouring Bromus tectorum dominance of endangered sagebrush steppe ecosystemsJ Appl Ecol2013501039104910.1111/1365-2664.12097
GerminoMJBelnapJStarkJMAllenEBRauBMGerminoMJChambersJCBrownCEcosystem impacts of exotic annual invaders in the genus BromusExotic Brome-grasses in arid and semiarid ecosystems of the western US2016BerlinSpringer619510.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_3
BoydCSDaviesKWLemosJAInfluence of soil color on seedbed microclimate and seedling demographics of a perennial bunchgrassRangel Ecol Manag20177062162410.1016/j.rama.2017.03.004
DonatoDCFontaineJBCampbellJLRobinsonWDKauffmanJBLawBEPost-wildfire logging hinders regeneration and increases fire riskScience2006311575935210.1126/science.1122855164001111:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntlyqsA%3D%3D
ThompsonJRSpiesTAGanioLMReburn severity in managed and unmanaged vegetation in a large wildfireProc Natl Acad Sci200710425107431074810.1073/pnas.0700229104175633701:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnt1ylurk%3D
McArthurEDPlummerAPBiogeography and management of native western shrubs—a case study, section Tridentatae of ArtemisiaGreat Basin Naturalist Memoirs19782229243
DaviesKWBoydCSNafusAMRestoring the sagebrush component in crested wheatgrass–dominated communitiesRangel Ecol Manag20136647247810.2111/REM-D-12-00145.1
PilliodDSWeltyJLToevsGRSeventy-five years of vegetation treatments on public rangelands in the Great Basin of North AmericaRangelands2017391910.1016/j.rala.2016.12.001
ChambersJCBradleyBABrownCSD’AntonioCGerminoMJGraceJBHardegreeSPMillerRFPykeDAResilience to stress and disturbance, and resistance to Bromus tectorum L. invasion in cold desert shrublands of western North AmericaEcosystems20141736037510.1007/s10021-013-9725-51:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXjslWntrc%3D
JamesJJSvejcarTJRinellaMJDemographic processes limiting seedling recruitment in arid grassland restorationJ Appl Ecol20114896196910.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02009.x
SankeyJBGerminoMJSankeyTTHooverANFire effects on the spatial patterning of soil properties in sagebrush steppe, USA: a meta-analysisInt J Wildland Fire20122154555610.1071/WF11092
SeefeldtSSGerminoMJDiCristinaKPrescribed fires in Artemisia tridentata ssp. Vaseyana steppe have minor and transient effects on vegetation cover and compositionAppl Veg Sci20071024925610.1111/j.1654-109X.2007.tb00523.x
WijayratneUCPykeDABurial increases seed longevity of two Artemisia tridentata (Asteraceae) subspeciesAm J Bot20129943844710.3732/ajb.100047722301894
NelsonZJWeisbergPJKitchenSGInfluence of climate and environment on post-fire recovery of mountain big sagebrushInt J Wildland Fire20142313114210.1071/WF13012
RodhouseTJIrvineKMSheleyRLSmithBSHohSEspositoDMMata-GonzalezRPredicting foundation bunchgrass species abundances: model-assisted decision-making in protected-area sagebrush steppeEcosphere20145911610.1890/ES14-00169.1
OttJECoxRDShawNLComparison of postfire seeding practices for wyoming big sagebrushRangel Ecol Manag20177062563210.1016/j.rama.2017.03.005
SólymosPLeleSRRevisiting resource selection probability functions and single-visit methods: clarification and extensionsMethods Ecol Evolut2016719620510.1111/2041-210X.12432
PalmquistKASchlaepferDRBradfordJBLauenrothWKMid-latitude shrub steppe plant communities: climate change consequences for soil water resourcesEcology2016972342235410.1002/ecy.145727859085
BrabecMMGerminoMJShinnemanDJPilliodDSMcIlroySKArkleRSChallenges of establishing big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) in rangeland restoration: effects of herbicide, mowing, whole-community seeding, and sagebrush seed sourcesRangel Ecol Manag20156843243510.1016/j.rama.2015.07.001
ChambersJCSeed movements and seedling fates in disturbed sagebrush steppe ecosystems: implications for restorationEcol Appl20001014001413
DaviesKWBatesJDRestoring big sagebrush after controlling encroaching western juniper with fire: aspect and subspecies effectsRestor Ecol201725334110.1111/rec.12375
DaviesKWBatesJDJamesJJMicrosite and herbaceous vegetation heterogeneity after burning Artemisia tridentata steppeOecologia200915959760610.1007/s00442-008-1231-719066972
BrabecMMGerminoMJRichardsonBAClimate adaption and post-fire restoration of a foundational perennial in cold desert: insights from intraspecific variation in response to weatherJ Appl Ecol20165429330210.1111/1365-2664.12679
Therneau TM, Atkinson B, Ripley MB (2010) The rpart package
De’athGFabriciusKEClassification and regression trees: a powerful yet simple technique for ecological data analysisEcology2000813178319210.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[3178:CARTAP]2.0.CO;2
MD Reisner (662_CR37) 2013; 50
JE Ott (662_CR33) 2017; 70
BM Bolker (662_CR4) 2009; 24
CM D’Antonio (662_CR13) 1992; 23
DC Donato (662_CR19) 2006; 311
TJ Rodhouse (662_CR39) 2014; 5
ME Eiswerth (662_CR20) 2009; 90
E Bochet (662_CR3) 2007; 295
UC Wijayratne (662_CR48) 2012; 99
JR Thompson (662_CR47) 2007; 104
SS Seefeldt (662_CR44) 2007; 10
CS Boyd (662_CR5) 2017; 70
662_CR27
SP Hardegree (662_CR23) 2017; 71
MJ Germino (662_CR21) 2016
R Core Team (662_CR888) 2017
ZJ Nelson (662_CR32) 2014; 23
D Bates (662_CR1) 2014; 1
SM Copeland (662_CR12) 2017; 26
JS Prevéy (662_CR36) 2010; 207
JC Chambers (662_CR10) 2000; 10
P Sólymos (662_CR45) 2016; 7
K DiCristina (662_CR18) 2006; 66
KW Davies (662_CR16) 2013; 66
DR Schlaepfer (662_CR42) 2014; 286
K Beven (662_CR2) 1979; 24
KC Knutson (662_CR29) 2014; 51
MM Brabec (662_CR7) 2015; 68
G De’ath (662_CR17) 2000; 81
JC Chambers (662_CR11) 2014; 17
DR Schlaepfer (662_CR43) 2014; 67
CM Rottler (662_CR40) 2017; 26
JJ James (662_CR28) 2011; 48
ED McArthur (662_CR30) 1978; 2
KW Davies (662_CR14) 2017; 25
MM Brabec (662_CR6) 2016; 54
MJ Rinella (662_CR38) 2015; 25
MA Hassan (662_CR25) 1986; 67
662_CR49
B McCune (662_CR31) 2002; 13
662_CR46
JB Sankey (662_CR41) 2012; 21
AN Hoover (662_CR26) 2012; 65
DS Pilliod (662_CR35) 2017; 39
MJ Germino (662_CR22) 2014; 102
KA Palmquist (662_CR34) 2016; 97
KW Davies (662_CR15) 2009; 159
LA Brudvig (662_CR8) 2017; 54
662_CR9
References_xml – reference: De’athGFabriciusKEClassification and regression trees: a powerful yet simple technique for ecological data analysisEcology2000813178319210.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[3178:CARTAP]2.0.CO;2
– reference: Hulvey KB, Leger EA, Porensky LM, Roche LM, Veblen KE, Fund A, Shaw J, Gornish ES (2017) Restoration islands: at tool for efficiently restoring dryland ecosystems? Restor Ecol. Online first
– reference: KnutsonKCPykeDAWirthTAArkleRSPilliodDSBrooksMLChambersJCGraceJBLong-term effects of seeding after wildfire on vegetation in Great Basin shrubland ecosystemsJ Appl Ecol2014511414142410.1111/1365-2664.12309
– reference: RottlerCMBurkeICPalmquistKABradfordJBLauenrothWKReclamation after oil and gas development does not speed up succession or plant community recovery in big sagebrush ecosystems in WyomingRestor Ecol20172611412310.1111/rec.12543
– reference: BolkerBMBrooksMEClarkCJGeangeSWPoulsenJRStevensMHHWhiteJSSGeneralized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolutionTrends Ecol Evolut20092412713510.1016/j.tree.2008.10.008
– reference: NelsonZJWeisbergPJKitchenSGInfluence of climate and environment on post-fire recovery of mountain big sagebrushInt J Wildland Fire20142313114210.1071/WF13012
– reference: SólymosPLeleSRRevisiting resource selection probability functions and single-visit methods: clarification and extensionsMethods Ecol Evolut2016719620510.1111/2041-210X.12432
– reference: DaviesKWBatesJDJamesJJMicrosite and herbaceous vegetation heterogeneity after burning Artemisia tridentata steppeOecologia200915959760610.1007/s00442-008-1231-719066972
– reference: DonatoDCFontaineJBCampbellJLRobinsonWDKauffmanJBLawBEPost-wildfire logging hinders regeneration and increases fire riskScience2006311575935210.1126/science.1122855164001111:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntlyqsA%3D%3D
– reference: SchlaepferDRLauenrothWKBradfordJBNatural regeneration processes in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)Rangel Ecol Manag20146734435710.2111/REM-D-13-00079.1
– reference: BevenKKirkbyMJA physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrologyHydrol Sci J197924436910.1080/02626667909491834
– reference: GerminoMJBelnapJStarkJMAllenEBRauBMGerminoMJChambersJCBrownCEcosystem impacts of exotic annual invaders in the genus BromusExotic Brome-grasses in arid and semiarid ecosystems of the western US2016BerlinSpringer619510.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_3
– reference: PalmquistKASchlaepferDRBradfordJBLauenrothWKMid-latitude shrub steppe plant communities: climate change consequences for soil water resourcesEcology2016972342235410.1002/ecy.145727859085
– reference: ThompsonJRSpiesTAGanioLMReburn severity in managed and unmanaged vegetation in a large wildfireProc Natl Acad Sci200710425107431074810.1073/pnas.0700229104175633701:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnt1ylurk%3D
– reference: DiCristinaKGerminoMCorrelation of neighborhood relationships, carbon assimilation, and water status of sagebrush seedlings establishing after fireWest N Am Nat20066644144910.3398/1527-0904(2006)66[441:CONRCA]2.0.CO;2
– reference: BrabecMMGerminoMJShinnemanDJPilliodDSMcIlroySKArkleRSChallenges of establishing big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) in rangeland restoration: effects of herbicide, mowing, whole-community seeding, and sagebrush seed sourcesRangel Ecol Manag20156843243510.1016/j.rama.2015.07.001
– reference: SankeyJBGerminoMJSankeyTTHooverANFire effects on the spatial patterning of soil properties in sagebrush steppe, USA: a meta-analysisInt J Wildland Fire20122154555610.1071/WF11092
– reference: McArthurEDPlummerAPBiogeography and management of native western shrubs—a case study, section Tridentatae of ArtemisiaGreat Basin Naturalist Memoirs19782229243
– reference: McCuneBKeonDMarrsREquations for potential annual direct incident radiation and heatloadJ Veg Sci20021360360610.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02087.x
– reference: Applestein C, Germino MJ, Fisk MJ (accepted) Vegetation community response to landscape scale post-fire herbicide (imazapic) application. Invasive Plant Sci Manag
– reference: Therneau TM, Atkinson B, Ripley MB (2010) The rpart package
– reference: PrevéyJSGerminoMJHuntlyNJInouyeRSExotic plants increase and native plants decrease with loss of foundation species in sagebrush steppePlant Ecol2010207395110.1007/s11258-009-9652-x
– reference: HardegreeSPAbatzoglouJTBrunsonMWGerminoMJHegewischKCMoffetCAPilliodDSRoundyBABoehmARMeredithGRWeather-centric rangeland revegetation planningRangel Ecol Manag20177111110.1016/j.rama.2017.07.003
– reference: RinellaMJHammondDHBryantA-EMKozarBJHigh precipitation and seeded species competition reduce seeded shrub establishment during dryland restorationEcol Appl2015251044105310.1890/14-1110.126465041
– reference: BatesDMaechlerMBolkerBWalkerSlme4: linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4R Package Version20141123
– reference: HassanMAWestNEDynamics of soil seed pools in burned and unburned sagebrush semi-desertsEcology19866726927210.2307/1938531
– reference: SchlaepferDRLauenrothWKBradfordJBModeling regeneration responses of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) to abiotic conditionsEcol Model2014286667710.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.04.021
– reference: DaviesKWBoydCSNafusAMRestoring the sagebrush component in crested wheatgrass–dominated communitiesRangel Ecol Manag20136647247810.2111/REM-D-12-00145.1
– reference: CopelandSMMunsonSMPilliodDSWeltyJLBradfordJBButterfieldBJLong-term trends in restoration and associated land treatments in the southwestern United StatesRestor Ecol20172631132210.1111/rec.12574
– reference: ReisnerMDGraceJBPykeDADoescherPSConditions favouring Bromus tectorum dominance of endangered sagebrush steppe ecosystemsJ Appl Ecol2013501039104910.1111/1365-2664.12097
– reference: D’AntonioCMVitousekPMBiological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global changeAnnu Rev Ecol Syst199223638710.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.000431
– reference: BrabecMMGerminoMJRichardsonBAClimate adaption and post-fire restoration of a foundational perennial in cold desert: insights from intraspecific variation in response to weatherJ Appl Ecol20165429330210.1111/1365-2664.12679
– reference: WijayratneUCPykeDABurial increases seed longevity of two Artemisia tridentata (Asteraceae) subspeciesAm J Bot20129943844710.3732/ajb.100047722301894
– reference: HooverANGerminoMJA common-garden study of resource-island effects on a native and an exotic, annual grass after fireRangel Ecol Manag20126516017010.2111/REM-D-11-00026.1
– reference: ChambersJCSeed movements and seedling fates in disturbed sagebrush steppe ecosystems: implications for restorationEcol Appl20001014001413
– reference: JamesJJSvejcarTJRinellaMJDemographic processes limiting seedling recruitment in arid grassland restorationJ Appl Ecol20114896196910.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02009.x
– reference: Burkett LM, Bestelmeyer BT, Tugel AJ (2011) A field guide to pedoderm and pattern classes. Version 2.2. http://jornada.nmsu.edu/files/FieldGuidePedodermPattern.pdf
– reference: EiswerthMEKrauterKSwansonSRZielinskiMPost-fire seeding on Wyoming big sagebrush ecological sites: regression analyses of seeded nonnative and native species densitiesJ Environ Manag2009901320132510.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.009
– reference: BrudvigLABarakRSBauerJTCaughlinTTLaughlinDCLariosLMatthewsJWStubleKLTurleyNEZirbelCRInterpreting variation to advance predictive restoration scienceJ Appl Ecol2017541018102710.1111/1365-2664.12938
– reference: PilliodDSWeltyJLToevsGRSeventy-five years of vegetation treatments on public rangelands in the Great Basin of North AmericaRangelands2017391910.1016/j.rala.2016.12.001
– reference: ChambersJCBradleyBABrownCSD’AntonioCGerminoMJGraceJBHardegreeSPMillerRFPykeDAResilience to stress and disturbance, and resistance to Bromus tectorum L. invasion in cold desert shrublands of western North AmericaEcosystems20141736037510.1007/s10021-013-9725-51:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXjslWntrc%3D
– reference: DaviesKWBatesJDRestoring big sagebrush after controlling encroaching western juniper with fire: aspect and subspecies effectsRestor Ecol201725334110.1111/rec.12375
– reference: SeefeldtSSGerminoMJDiCristinaKPrescribed fires in Artemisia tridentata ssp. Vaseyana steppe have minor and transient effects on vegetation cover and compositionAppl Veg Sci20071024925610.1111/j.1654-109X.2007.tb00523.x
– reference: RodhouseTJIrvineKMSheleyRLSmithBSHohSEspositoDMMata-GonzalezRPredicting foundation bunchgrass species abundances: model-assisted decision-making in protected-area sagebrush steppeEcosphere20145911610.1890/ES14-00169.1
– reference: BochetEGarcía-FayosPAlborchBTormoJSoil water availability effects on seed germination account for species segregation in semiarid roadslopesPlant Soil200729517919110.1007/s11104-007-9274-91:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmsFKjtb0%3D
– reference: GerminoMJReinhardtKDesert shrub responses to experimental modification of precipitation seasonality and soil depth: relationship to the two-layer hypothesis and ecohydrological nicheJ Ecol201410298999710.1111/1365-2745.12266
– reference: BoydCSDaviesKWLemosJAInfluence of soil color on seedbed microclimate and seedling demographics of a perennial bunchgrassRangel Ecol Manag20177062162410.1016/j.rama.2017.03.004
– reference: OttJECoxRDShawNLComparison of postfire seeding practices for wyoming big sagebrushRangel Ecol Manag20177062563210.1016/j.rama.2017.03.005
– reference: R Core TeamR: a language and environment for statistical computing2017Vienna, AustriaR Foundation for Statistical Computing
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Snippet Context Reestablishing foundational plant species through aerial seeding is an essential yet challenging step for restoring the vast semiarid landscapes...
ContextReestablishing foundational plant species through aerial seeding is an essential yet challenging step for restoring the vast semiarid landscapes...
CONTEXT: Reestablishing foundational plant species through aerial seeding is an essential yet challenging step for restoring the vast semiarid landscapes...
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SubjectTerms altitude
annuals
Artemisia
Artemisia tridentata
Biodiversity hot spots
Biological invasions
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Decision trees
Ecological effects
ecological invasion
Ecology
Environmental Management
grasses
Hypothesis testing
introduced plants
Landscape
Landscape Ecology
Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning
landscapes
Life Sciences
Moisture content
Nature Conservation
Plant species
Plants (botany)
Recovery
Research Article
Restoration
Seeding
shrubs
Soil surfaces
Soil water
sowing
Sustainable Development
Test procedures
Thresholds
trees
Wildfires
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Title Thresholds and hotspots for shrub restoration following a heterogeneous megafire
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