Protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying: A systematic review of meta-analyses

Bullying and cyberbullying are damaging aggressive behaviors in which some children and adolescents intentionally inflict frequent and long term harm on peers who become victimized. The number of studies on bullying is high and a lot of knowledge has already been gathered. Nevertheless, there are st...

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Published in:Aggression and violent behavior Vol. 45; pp. 4 - 19
Main Authors: Zych, Izabela, Farrington, David P., Ttofi, Maria M.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Tarrytown Elsevier Ltd 01.03.2019
Elsevier Science Ltd
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ISSN:1359-1789, 1873-6335
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Abstract Bullying and cyberbullying are damaging aggressive behaviors in which some children and adolescents intentionally inflict frequent and long term harm on peers who become victimized. The number of studies on bullying is high and a lot of knowledge has already been gathered. Nevertheless, there are still many gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed. Research on protective factors and effective interventions is still in its relatively early stages. This systematic review of meta-analyses on protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying was conducted to synthesize knowledge and discover the most important community, school, family, peer and individual protective factors. After systematic searches and the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 meta-analyses with 128 effect sizes were included and analyzed. Forest plots were constructed and median effect sizes were calculated for each group of protective factors. Self-oriented personal competencies were the strongest protector against victimization. Low frequency of technology use protected from involvement in cyberbullying. Good academic performance and other-oriented social competencies were the strongest protective factors against perpetration. Positive peer interaction was the strongest protective factor against being a bully/victim. These findings can be useful to improve anti-bullying programs, policy and practice. •Bullying and cyberbullying are very damaging aggressive behaviors present in schools.•A systematic review of meta-analyses on protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying was conducted.•Forest plots were constructed and median effect sizes were calculated for different protective factors based on 128 overall effect sizes.•Community, school, family, peer and individual protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying were found.•Findings are useful to improve anti-bullying programs, policy, and practice.
AbstractList Bullying and cyberbullying are damaging aggressive behaviors in which some children and adolescents intentionally inflict frequent and long term harm on peers who become victimized. The number of studies on bullying is high and a lot of knowledge has already been gathered. Nevertheless, there are still many gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed. Research on protective factors and effective interventions is still in its relatively early stages. This systematic review of meta-analyses on protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying was conducted to synthesize knowledge and discover the most important community, school, family, peer and individual protective factors. After systematic searches and the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 meta-analyses with 128 effect sizes were included and analyzed. Forest plots were constructed and median effect sizes were calculated for each group of protective factors. Self-oriented personal competencies were the strongest protector against victimization. Low frequency of technology use protected from involvement in cyberbullying. Good academic performance and other-oriented social competencies were the strongest protective factors against perpetration. Positive peer interaction was the strongest protective factor against being a bully/victim. These findings can be useful to improve anti-bullying programs, policy and practice. •Bullying and cyberbullying are very damaging aggressive behaviors present in schools.•A systematic review of meta-analyses on protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying was conducted.•Forest plots were constructed and median effect sizes were calculated for different protective factors based on 128 overall effect sizes.•Community, school, family, peer and individual protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying were found.•Findings are useful to improve anti-bullying programs, policy, and practice.
Bullying and cyberbullying are damaging aggressive behaviors in which some children and adolescents intentionally inflict frequent and long term harm on peers who become victimized. The number of studies on bullying is high and a lot of knowledge has already been gathered. Nevertheless, there are still many gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed. Research on protective factors and effective interventions is still in its relatively early stages. This systematic review of meta-analyses on protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying was conducted to synthesize knowledge and discover the most important community, school, family, peer and individual protective factors. After systematic searches and the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 meta-analyses with 128 effect sizes were included and analyzed. Forest plots were constructed and median effect sizes were calculated for each group of protective factors. Self-oriented personal competencies were the strongest protector against victimization. Low frequency of technology use protected from involvement in cyberbullying. Good academic performance and other-oriented social competencies were the strongest protective factors against perpetration. Positive peer interaction was the strongest protective factor against being a bully/victim. These findings can be useful to improve anti-bullying programs, policy and practice.
Author Ttofi, Maria M.
Zych, Izabela
Farrington, David P.
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Izabela
  surname: Zych
  fullname: Zych, Izabela
  email: izych@uco.es
  organization: Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
– sequence: 2
  givenname: David P.
  surname: Farrington
  fullname: Farrington, David P.
  organization: University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Maria M.
  surname: Ttofi
  fullname: Ttofi, Maria M.
  organization: University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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ISSN 1359-1789
IngestDate Mon Nov 24 02:43:22 EST 2025
Sat Nov 29 07:04:47 EST 2025
Tue Nov 18 22:44:32 EST 2025
Fri Feb 23 02:33:36 EST 2024
Tue Oct 14 19:28:38 EDT 2025
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Keywords Bullying
Systematic review
Protective factors
Ecological approach
Cyberbullying
Meta-analysis
Language English
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crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_avb_2018_06_008
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_avb_2018_06_008
elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_avb_2018_06_008
elsevier_clinicalkey_doi_10_1016_j_avb_2018_06_008
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate March-April 2019
2019-03-00
20190301
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  year: 2019
  text: March-April 2019
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PublicationPlace Tarrytown
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Tarrytown
PublicationTitle Aggression and violent behavior
PublicationYear 2019
Publisher Elsevier Ltd
Elsevier Science Ltd
Publisher_xml – name: Elsevier Ltd
– name: Elsevier Science Ltd
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Snippet Bullying and cyberbullying are damaging aggressive behaviors in which some children and adolescents intentionally inflict frequent and long term harm on peers...
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SubjectTerms Academic achievement
Adolescents
Bullying
Community schools
Cyberbullying
Ecological approach
Family school relationship
Knowledge
Meta-analysis
Peer relationships
Peers
Protective factors
Systematic review
Technology
Victimization
Title Protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying: A systematic review of meta-analyses
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