Human tendon stem/progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicle production promoted by dynamic culture

Tendon injuries significantly impact quality of life, prompting the exploration of innovative solutions beyond conventional surgery. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance tendon regeneration. In this study, human Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cells (TSPCs) were isolat...

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Published in:Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology Vol. 53; no. 1; pp. 1 - 16
Main Authors: Clerici, Marta, Ciardulli, Maria Camilla, Lamparelli, Erwin Pavel, Lovecchio, Joseph, Giordano, Emanuele, Dale, Tina P., Forsyth, Nicholas R., Maffulli, Nicola, Della Porta, Giovanna
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: England Taylor & Francis Group 01.12.2025
Subjects:
bioreactors
Cell Culture Techniques - methods
Cell Differentiation
Extracellular vesicles
Extracellular Vesicles - metabolism
Humans
Stem Cells - cytology
Stem Cells - metabolism
tendon stem/progenitor cells
tendon tissue engineering
Tendons - cytology
Extracellular vesicles
bioreactors
tendon stem/progenitor cells
tendon tissue engineering
ISSN:2169-1401, 2169-141X, 2169-141X
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Tendon injuries significantly impact quality of life, prompting the exploration of innovative solutions beyond conventional surgery. Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance tendon regeneration. In this study, human Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cells (TSPCs) were isolated from surgical biopsies and cultured in a Growth-Differentiation Factor-5-supplemented medium to promote tenogenic differentiation under static and dynamic conditions using a custom-made perfusion bioreactor. Once at 80% confluence, cells were transitioned to a serum-free medium for conditioned media collection. Ultracentrifugation revealed the presence of vesicles with a 10 particles/mL concentration and sub-200nm diameter size. Dynamic culture yielded a 3-fold increase in EV protein content compared to static culture, as confirmed by Western-blot analysis. Differences in surface marker expression were also shown by flow cytometric analysis. Data suggest that we efficiently developed a protocol for extracting EVs from human TSPCs, particularly under dynamic conditions. This approach enhances EV protein content, offering potential therapeutic benefits for tendon regeneration. However, further research is needed to fully understand the role of EVs in tendon regeneration.
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ISSN:2169-1401
2169-141X
2169-141X
DOI:10.1080/21691401.2025.2475099