A single-leader and multiple-follower stackelberg model for the look-ahead dispatch of plug-in electric buses in multiple microgrids
Plug-in electric buses have great potential to enhance the profits of operators in multiple-microgrid systems via the use of vehicle-to-grid technology. In contrast to stationary energy storage units, a plug-in electric bus can move among different microgrids to provide not only passenger transporta...
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| Vydáno v: | Energy (Oxford) Ročník 214; s. 118929 |
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| Hlavní autoři: | , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Oxford
Elsevier Ltd
01.01.2021
Elsevier BV |
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| ISSN: | 0360-5442, 1873-6785 |
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| Abstract | Plug-in electric buses have great potential to enhance the profits of operators in multiple-microgrid systems via the use of vehicle-to-grid technology. In contrast to stationary energy storage units, a plug-in electric bus can move among different microgrids to provide not only passenger transportation service but also energy transportation service. In this paper, a single-leader and multiple-follower model based on the Stackelberg game method is proposed for the look-ahead dispatch of bus routes and power allocation in microgrids. First, a time-space trip model for a fleet of plug-in electric buses was established, and the total costs of the plug-in electric bus operator were optimized as a leader-level problem. Then a rolling energy management strategy was formulated as a follower-level problem to optimize the total costs of each microgrid operator and to deal with the prediction error of the distributed energy resources and loads. Next, the proposed bi-level optimization problem was transformed into a single-level mixed-integer linear programming problem. Finally, case studies were carried out on three real microgrids in China and on BYD-K9 plug-in electric buses. The simulation results indicated that the costs for a plug-in electric bus operator would decrease by 33.35% in the proposed bi-level model compared with the fixed charging model, and the costs for an isolated MG would decrease by 24.16% compared with the model regardless of the plug-in electric buses.
•A time-space trip model was proposed to arrange the route of plug-in electric bus.•A rolling energy management strategy was introduced for the microgrid operators.•A single-leader and multiple-follower model was built to solve the proposed problem. |
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| AbstractList | Plug-in electric buses have great potential to enhance the profits of operators in multiple-microgrid systems via the use of vehicle-to-grid technology. In contrast to stationary energy storage units, a plug-in electric bus can move among different microgrids to provide not only passenger transportation service but also energy transportation service. In this paper, a single-leader and multiple-follower model based on the Stackelberg game method is proposed for the look-ahead dispatch of bus routes and power allocation in microgrids. First, a time-space trip model for a fleet of plug-in electric buses was established, and the total costs of the plug-in electric bus operator were optimized as a leader-level problem. Then a rolling energy management strategy was formulated as a follower-level problem to optimize the total costs of each microgrid operator and to deal with the prediction error of the distributed energy resources and loads. Next, the proposed bi-level optimization problem was transformed into a single-level mixed-integer linear programming problem. Finally, case studies were carried out on three real microgrids in China and on BYD-K9 plug-in electric buses. The simulation results indicated that the costs for a plug-in electric bus operator would decrease by 33.35% in the proposed bi-level model compared with the fixed charging model, and the costs for an isolated MG would decrease by 24.16% compared with the model regardless of the plug-in electric buses.
•A time-space trip model was proposed to arrange the route of plug-in electric bus.•A rolling energy management strategy was introduced for the microgrid operators.•A single-leader and multiple-follower model was built to solve the proposed problem. Plug-in electric buses have great potential to enhance the profits of operators in multiple-microgrid systems via the use of vehicle-to-grid technology. In contrast to stationary energy storage units, a plug-in electric bus can move among different microgrids to provide not only passenger transportation service but also energy transportation service. In this paper, a single-leader and multiple-follower model based on the Stackelberg game method is proposed for the look-ahead dispatch of bus routes and power allocation in microgrids. First, a time-space trip model for a fleet of plug-in electric buses was established, and the total costs of the plug-in electric bus operator were optimized as a leader-level problem. Then a rolling energy management strategy was formulated as a follower-level problem to optimize the total costs of each microgrid operator and to deal with the prediction error of the distributed energy resources and loads. Next, the proposed bi-level optimization problem was transformed into a single-level mixed-integer linear programming problem. Finally, case studies were carried out on three real microgrids in China and on BYD-K9 plug-in electric buses. The simulation results indicated that the costs for a plug-in electric bus operator would decrease by 33.35% in the proposed bi-level model compared with the fixed charging model, and the costs for an isolated MG would decrease by 24.16% compared with the model regardless of the plug-in electric buses. |
| ArticleNumber | 118929 |
| Author | Xie, Min Liu, Mingbo Tang, Chong Dong, Ping Zhu, Jianquan Lin, Shunjiang |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Chong surname: Tang fullname: Tang, Chong organization: School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Mingbo surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Mingbo email: epmbliu@scut.edu.cn organization: School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Min surname: Xie fullname: Xie, Min organization: School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China – sequence: 4 givenname: Ping surname: Dong fullname: Dong, Ping organization: School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China – sequence: 5 givenname: Jianquan surname: Zhu fullname: Zhu, Jianquan organization: School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China – sequence: 6 givenname: Shunjiang surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Shunjiang organization: School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China |
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| Keywords | Plug-in electric bus Vehicle-to-grid Time-space trip model Microgrid Single-leader and multiple-follower stackelberg models Look-ahead dispatch |
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| SubjectTerms | Buses Buses (vehicles) China Distributed generation Electric power costs Electric vehicles energy Energy management Energy resources Energy sources Energy storage Game theory Integer programming Linear programming Look-ahead dispatch Microgrid Mixed integer Optimization Plug-in electric bus prediction Single-leader and multiple-follower stackelberg models space and time Storage units Stress concentration Time-space trip model Transportation Transportation services Vehicle-to-grid |
| Title | A single-leader and multiple-follower stackelberg model for the look-ahead dispatch of plug-in electric buses in multiple microgrids |
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