A single-leader and multiple-follower stackelberg model for the look-ahead dispatch of plug-in electric buses in multiple microgrids

Plug-in electric buses have great potential to enhance the profits of operators in multiple-microgrid systems via the use of vehicle-to-grid technology. In contrast to stationary energy storage units, a plug-in electric bus can move among different microgrids to provide not only passenger transporta...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Energy (Oxford) Vol. 214; p. 118929
Main Authors: Tang, Chong, Liu, Mingbo, Xie, Min, Dong, Ping, Zhu, Jianquan, Lin, Shunjiang
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.01.2021
Elsevier BV
Subjects:
Buses
Buses (vehicles)
China
Distributed generation
Electric power costs
Electric vehicles
energy
Energy management
Energy resources
Energy sources
Energy storage
Game theory
Integer programming
Linear programming
Look-ahead dispatch
Microgrid
Mixed integer
Optimization
Plug-in electric bus
prediction
Single-leader and multiple-follower stackelberg models
space and time
Storage units
Stress concentration
Time-space trip model
Transportation
Transportation services
Vehicle-to-grid
China
Plug-in electric bus
Vehicle-to-grid
Time-space trip model
Microgrid
Single-leader and multiple-follower stackelberg models
Look-ahead dispatch
ISSN:0360-5442, 1873-6785
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Plug-in electric buses have great potential to enhance the profits of operators in multiple-microgrid systems via the use of vehicle-to-grid technology. In contrast to stationary energy storage units, a plug-in electric bus can move among different microgrids to provide not only passenger transportation service but also energy transportation service. In this paper, a single-leader and multiple-follower model based on the Stackelberg game method is proposed for the look-ahead dispatch of bus routes and power allocation in microgrids. First, a time-space trip model for a fleet of plug-in electric buses was established, and the total costs of the plug-in electric bus operator were optimized as a leader-level problem. Then a rolling energy management strategy was formulated as a follower-level problem to optimize the total costs of each microgrid operator and to deal with the prediction error of the distributed energy resources and loads. Next, the proposed bi-level optimization problem was transformed into a single-level mixed-integer linear programming problem. Finally, case studies were carried out on three real microgrids in China and on BYD-K9 plug-in electric buses. The simulation results indicated that the costs for a plug-in electric bus operator would decrease by 33.35% in the proposed bi-level model compared with the fixed charging model, and the costs for an isolated MG would decrease by 24.16% compared with the model regardless of the plug-in electric buses. •A time-space trip model was proposed to arrange the route of plug-in electric bus.•A rolling energy management strategy was introduced for the microgrid operators.•A single-leader and multiple-follower model was built to solve the proposed problem.
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ISSN:0360-5442
1873-6785
DOI:10.1016/j.energy.2020.118929