"Seeing" ENF: Power-Signature-Based Timestamp for Digital Multimedia via Optical Sensing and Signal Processing
Electric Network Frequency (ENF) fluctuates slightly over time from its nominal value of 50 Hz/60 Hz. The fluctuations in ENF remain consistent across the entire power grid including when measured at physically distant geographical locations. The light intensity from such indoor lighting as fluoresc...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | IEEE transactions on information forensics and security Jg. 8; H. 9; S. 1417 - 1432 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY
IEEE
01.09.2013
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| Schlagworte: | |
| ISSN: | 1556-6013, 1556-6021 |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Abstract | Electric Network Frequency (ENF) fluctuates slightly over time from its nominal value of 50 Hz/60 Hz. The fluctuations in ENF remain consistent across the entire power grid including when measured at physically distant geographical locations. The light intensity from such indoor lighting as fluorescent lamps and incandescent bulbs, which are connected to the power mains, varies in accordance with the ENF, and the fluctuations can be recorded using visual sensors. In this paper, mechanisms using optical sensors and video cameras to record and validate the presence of ENF fluctuations in indoor lighting are presented. Spectrogram and subspace-based signal processing techniques are applied to such recordings to extract the ENF signal by estimating its instantaneous frequencies as a function of time. A high correlation is observed between the ENF fluctuations obtained from indoor lighting and that of the ENF signal captured directly from the power mains supply. A similar mechanism is then used to demonstrate the presence of ENF signals in video recordings taken in different geographical areas. Experimental results show that ENF signals are present in visual recordings made in different geographical areas and can be used as a natural timestamp for optical sensor recordings and video surveillance recordings conducted in indoor lighting environments. Robustness of ENF fluctuation traces under strong compression and CMOS rolling shutter cameras is discussed. Applications of the ENF signal analysis to tampering detection of surveillance video recordings and forensic binding of the audio and visual track of a video are also demonstrated. An analytical model based on an autoregressive process is also developed for ENF signals, and the effectiveness of using innovation sequences from the model for timestamp verification is demonstrated. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Electric Network Frequency (ENF) fluctuates slightly over time from its nominal value of 50 Hz/60 Hz. The fluctuations in ENF remain consistent across the entire power grid including when measured at physically distant geographical locations. The light intensity from such indoor lighting as fluorescent lamps and incandescent bulbs, which are connected to the power mains, varies in accordance with the ENF, and the fluctuations can be recorded using visual sensors. In this paper, mechanisms using optical sensors and video cameras to record and validate the presence of ENF fluctuations in indoor lighting are presented. Spectrogram and subspace-based signal processing techniques are applied to such recordings to extract the ENF signal by estimating its instantaneous frequencies as a function of time. A high correlation is observed between the ENF fluctuations obtained from indoor lighting and that of the ENF signal captured directly from the power mains supply. A similar mechanism is then used to demonstrate the presence of ENF signals in video recordings taken in different geographical areas. Experimental results show that ENF signals are present in visual recordings made in different geographical areas and can be used as a natural timestamp for optical sensor recordings and video surveillance recordings conducted in indoor lighting environments. Robustness of ENF fluctuation traces under strong compression and CMOS rolling shutter cameras is discussed. Applications of the ENF signal analysis to tampering detection of surveillance video recordings and forensic binding of the audio and visual track of a video are also demonstrated. An analytical model based on an autoregressive process is also developed for ENF signals, and the effectiveness of using innovation sequences from the model for timestamp verification is demonstrated. |
| Author | Hajj-Ahmad, A. Min Wu Varna, A. L. Garg, R. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: R. surname: Garg fullname: Garg, R. email: ravig@umd.edu organization: Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: A. L. surname: Varna fullname: Varna, A. L. email: varna@umd.edu organization: Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: A. surname: Hajj-Ahmad fullname: Hajj-Ahmad, A. email: adiha@umd.edu organization: Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA – sequence: 4 surname: Min Wu fullname: Min Wu email: minwu@umd.edu organization: Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=27784416$$DView record in Pascal Francis |
| BookMark | eNp9kU9vGyEQxVGVSk3SfoAqF5SoUi_rMrCAyS1J4zZS_kl2ziu8O2sRrcGB3Ub59mVry4ccekCg4fcew7wjcuCDR0K-ApsAMPNjcTObTzgDMeFccw76AzkEKVWhGIeD_RnEJ3KU0jNjZQlqekj86RzR-dUpvb6fndPH8IqxmLuVt_0Qsbi0CRu6cGtMvV1vaBsi_elWrrcdvRu6Pl80ztI_eT1selfn8hx9yobU-ob-M-roYww1prH6mXxsbZfwy24_Jk-z68XV7-L24dfN1cVtUQup-sIaXEpojAYsW8MbK81Sg2xBoVCmnGq1BKZbXZulQN6UViNrhbKCA2dWN-KYfN_6bmJ4GXLz1dqlGrvOegxDqqAURpeGC8jo2Tv0OQwxtz1SMBVSGBipbzvKpvzLNlpfu1Rtolvb-FZxrafjRDMHW66OIaWI7R4BVo1JVWNS1ZhUtUsqa_Q7TZ0H3Lvg-2hd91_lyVbpEHH_kpJS8JKLvxGhoNc |
| CODEN | ITIFA6 |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_4018_IJDCF_2020010107 crossref_primary_10_1109_LSP_2016_2537201 crossref_primary_10_1109_MSP_2016_2581738 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2020_3009579 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2021_3099697 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_forsciint_2017_01_010 crossref_primary_10_1109_MSP_2023_3275319 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2015_2398367 crossref_primary_10_3390_computers14080321 crossref_primary_10_3390_fi14050125 crossref_primary_10_1109_TSP_2017_2787146 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2022_3185775 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2022_3220029 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_022_13100_x crossref_primary_10_3390_jimaging7100202 crossref_primary_10_3390_s19112424 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_025_89184_w crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2014_2363524 crossref_primary_10_1109_LSP_2022_3205563 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2016_2516824 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00034_018_0793_9 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_diin_2017_06_001 crossref_primary_10_1109_LSP_2021_3109773 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3312181 crossref_primary_10_1109_LSP_2013_2272523 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2014_2321228 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13634_022_00900_4 crossref_primary_10_3390_app13085039 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2023_3287132 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3449099 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2016_2603603 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2025_3601405 crossref_primary_10_1109_MITP_2022_3172653 crossref_primary_10_1145_3241058 crossref_primary_10_1109_LSP_2020_2988145 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2023_3312030 crossref_primary_10_1109_TPAMI_2024_3386813 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2019_2952264 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2017_2647921 crossref_primary_10_1109_LSP_2017_2741440 crossref_primary_10_1111_1556_4029_15003 crossref_primary_10_1109_LSP_2022_3189306 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2020_3030182 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2017_2707060 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2019_2895540 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2013_2285515 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1109/TIFS.2010.2051270 10.1109/TAP.1986.1143830 10.1109/ICASSP.2013.6638180 10.1109/LSP.2013.2272523 10.1145/2072298.2072303 10.1002/0471931314 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.06.033 10.1016/0165-1684(93)90048-F 10.1109/29.32276 10.1002/9781118619193 10.1109/ICCPHOT.2010.5585094 10.1109/ICCV.2009.5459408 10.3390/s8010035 10.1109/WIFS.2012.6412627 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2014 INIST-CNRS Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) Sep 2013 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2014 INIST-CNRS – notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) Sep 2013 |
| DBID | 97E RIA RIE AAYXX CITATION IQODW 7SC 7SP 7TB 8FD FR3 JQ2 KR7 L7M L~C L~D F28 |
| DOI | 10.1109/TIFS.2013.2272217 |
| DatabaseName | IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 2005–Present IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) CrossRef Pascal-Francis Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Electronics & Communications Abstracts Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts Technology Research Database Engineering Research Database ProQuest Computer Science Collection Civil Engineering Abstracts Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Academic Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Civil Engineering Abstracts Technology Research Database Computer and Information Systems Abstracts – Academic Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts Electronics & Communications Abstracts ProQuest Computer Science Collection Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Engineering Research Database Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Computer and Information Systems Abstracts Professional ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering |
| DatabaseTitleList | Civil Engineering Abstracts Civil Engineering Abstracts |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: RIE name: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ sourceTypes: Publisher |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Engineering Computer Science Applied Sciences |
| EISSN | 1556-6021 |
| EndPage | 1432 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 3039007341 27784416 10_1109_TIFS_2013_2272217 6553242 |
| Genre | orig-research |
| GroupedDBID | 0R~ 29I 4.4 5GY 5VS 6IK 97E AAJGR AARMG AASAJ AAWTH ABAZT ABQJQ ABVLG ACGFS ACIWK AENEX AETIX AGQYO AGSQL AHBIQ AKJIK AKQYR ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ATWAV BEFXN BFFAM BGNUA BKEBE BPEOZ CS3 DU5 EBS EJD HZ~ IFIPE IPLJI JAVBF LAI M43 O9- OCL P2P PQQKQ RIA RIE RNS AAYXX CITATION IQODW RIG 7SC 7SP 7TB 8FD FR3 JQ2 KR7 L7M L~C L~D F28 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c356t-a9eb51d971e4f92da59b715f16e3694876b107f7c9b3e2d4a7e0f36a32120a7d3 |
| IEDL.DBID | RIE |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 75 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000324575200001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 1556-6013 |
| IngestDate | Sun Nov 09 10:20:19 EST 2025 Mon Jun 30 03:48:03 EDT 2025 Mon Jul 21 09:13:58 EDT 2025 Tue Nov 18 20:45:18 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 03:49:34 EST 2025 Tue Aug 26 17:09:50 EDT 2025 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 9 |
| Keywords | Audio-visual binding Grid Video signal Power supply Autoregressive model information forensics Modeling Indoor installation electric network frequency Complementary MOS technology Lighting Robustness Localization Computer security timestamp Multimedia Computer vision Forensic science Subspace method Optical sensor Video cameras video authentication Date Optical measurement Experimental result Electrical network Surveillance Authentication Signal processing Signal analysis |
| Language | English |
| License | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html CC BY 4.0 |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c356t-a9eb51d971e4f92da59b715f16e3694876b107f7c9b3e2d4a7e0f36a32120a7d3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-2 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 |
| PQID | 1418353911 |
| PQPubID | 85506 |
| PageCount | 16 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_1439749231 crossref_primary_10_1109_TIFS_2013_2272217 ieee_primary_6553242 proquest_journals_1418353911 pascalfrancis_primary_27784416 crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_TIFS_2013_2272217 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2013-09-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2013-09-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 09 year: 2013 text: 2013-09-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | New York, NY |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: New York, NY – name: New York |
| PublicationTitle | IEEE transactions on information forensics and security |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | TIFS |
| PublicationYear | 2013 |
| Publisher | IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| Publisher_xml | – name: IEEE – name: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
| References | ref13 ref15 ref14 rabiner (ref11) 1993 oppenheim (ref17) 1999 ref10 ref21 ref1 ref19 ref18 ref7 hajj-ahmad (ref8) 2012 box (ref9) 2008 ref4 ref3 haykin (ref12) 1991 ref6 ref5 haykin (ref22) 2001 sanders (ref2) 2008 bovik (ref16) 2000 ait-aider (ref20) 2006 |
| References_xml | – year: 1993 ident: ref11 publication-title: Fundamentals of speech recognition – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1109/TIFS.2010.2051270 – ident: ref13 doi: 10.1109/TAP.1986.1143830 – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1109/ICASSP.2013.6638180 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1109/LSP.2013.2272523 – start-page: 56 year: 2006 ident: ref20 article-title: Simultaneous object pose and velocity computation using a single view from a rolling shutter camera publication-title: Proc Eur Conf Comput Vision – year: 2001 ident: ref22 publication-title: Adaptive Filter Theory – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1145/2072298.2072303 – ident: ref3 doi: 10.1002/0471931314 – ident: ref1 doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.06.033 – year: 2000 ident: ref16 publication-title: Handbook of Image and Video Processing – year: 1999 ident: ref17 publication-title: Discrete-Time Signal Processing – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1016/0165-1684(93)90048-F – ident: ref14 doi: 10.1109/29.32276 – year: 2008 ident: ref2 article-title: Digital authenticity using the electric network frequency publication-title: Proc 33rd AES Int Conf Audio Forensics Theory and Practice – year: 2008 ident: ref9 publication-title: Time Series Analysis Forecasting and Control doi: 10.1002/9781118619193 – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1109/ICCPHOT.2010.5585094 – year: 1991 ident: ref12 publication-title: Advances in Spectrum Analysis and Array Processing – start-page: 1 year: 2012 ident: ref8 article-title: Instantaneous frequency estimation and localization for ENF signals publication-title: Proc 4th Annu Summit and Conf (APSIPA) – ident: ref19 doi: 10.1109/ICCV.2009.5459408 – ident: ref10 doi: 10.3390/s8010035 – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1109/WIFS.2012.6412627 |
| SSID | ssj0044168 |
| Score | 2.3689694 |
| Snippet | Electric Network Frequency (ENF) fluctuates slightly over time from its nominal value of 50 Hz/60 Hz. The fluctuations in ENF remain consistent across the... |
| SourceID | proquest pascalfrancis crossref ieee |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher |
| StartPage | 1417 |
| SubjectTerms | Applied sciences Artificial intelligence Audio-visual binding Computer science; control theory; systems Detection, estimation, filtering, equalization, prediction Diodes electric network frequency Exact sciences and technology Fluctuation Forensic engineering Frequency estimation Illumination Indoor information forensics Information, signal and communications theory Lighting Memory and file management (including protection and security) Memory organisation. Data processing Optical sensors Pattern recognition. Digital image processing. Computational geometry Power grids Recording Signal and communications theory Signal processing Signal, noise Software Spectrogram Studies Telecommunications and information theory Time-frequency analysis timestamp video authentication Visual |
| Title | "Seeing" ENF: Power-Signature-Based Timestamp for Digital Multimedia via Optical Sensing and Signal Processing |
| URI | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6553242 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1418353911 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1439749231 |
| Volume | 8 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000324575200001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVIEE databaseName: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) customDbUrl: eissn: 1556-6021 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0044168 issn: 1556-6013 databaseCode: RIE dateStart: 20060101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ providerName: IEEE |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1Lb9QwEB61FQc4UGhBBEplKk4It0m8tmtuPLqCy1Jpi9Rb5MdktVLJrrq7_f2MHW8AgZA4RIpi56F8Y8-MPTMfwOtggtZCOW6ktHwksOQueM3ROXSx2EnwPpFN6Mnk_PraXO7A2yEXBhFT8BmextO0lx8WfhOXys6UlFH_78Ku1qrP1drOuqTV-7Q3KRUnJ0PkHcyqNGdXX8bTGMQlTuta13XiJvupgxKpSgyJtCv6K21PZ_HHzJzUzXj__z70ETzMZiV738vBY9jB7gD2t5QNLI_gA3jwS_3BQ-hOpoh0dsIuJuN37DIypvHpfNZX--QfSMMFlpJE1vb7kpF9yz7NZ5FmhKXE3ZR2wu7o-LpMa-JsGuPhuxmzXWDpQTcspyLQ1SfwbXxx9fEzzwQM3Aup1twadLIKRlc4ak0drDROV7KtFAplyNVRjrzHVnvjBNZhZDWWrVBWkD4srQ7iKex1iw6fAQtIylK1NHtYN1KonQ5kORjrPBJyShZQbiFpfK5OHkkybprkpZSmiSg2EcUmo1jAm-GWZV-a41-dDyNMQ8eMUAHHv-E-tNdan0eZKuBoKwhNHt0rcpdoIpSC9EQBr4ZmGpdxs8V2uNjEPmTppep3z__-6hdwv07UGjFe7Qj21rcbfAn3_N16vro9TsL9A_Eh9p4 |
| linkProvider | IEEE |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV3db9MwED-NgQR7YLCBFhjDTDwhvKVxbc-88bFqE6NMapH2Ftnxpao00mpt9_dzdtwAAiHxEMmynQ_lzvdh390P4LU3XmuhHDdSWt4XmHPnK83ROXSh2Imvqgg2oYfDk6src7kBb7tcGESMwWd4FJrxLN_PqlXYKjtWUgb9fwfuBuSslK21lrvU0ya-Sak4uRkinWH2cnM8Ph-MQhiXOCoKXRQRneynFoqwKiEo0i7ov9QtoMUfsjkqnMH2_33qI3iYDEv2vuWEx7CBzQ5sr0EbWFrDO7D1SwXCXWgOR4jUOmSnw8E7dhkw0_hoOmnrffIPpOM8i2kiS_t9zsjCZZ-mkwA0wmLqbkw8Ybd0fZ3HXXE2ChHxzYTZxrP4oGuWkhGo9wl8G5yOP57xBMHAKyHVkluDTva80T3s16bwVhqne7LuKRTKkLOjHPmPta6ME1j4vtWY10JZQRoxt9qLp7DZzBrcA-aR1KWqSX5Y11eonfZkOxjrKiTKKZlBviZJWaX65AEm47qMfkpuykDFMlCxTFTM4E13y7wtzvGvybuBTN3ERKEMDn6jezdeaH0SeCqD_TUjlGl9L8hhIlEoBWmKDF51w7Qyw3GLbXC2CnPI1ov17579_dUv4f7Z-MtFeXE-_PwcHhQRaCNEr-3D5vJmhS_gXnW7nC5uDiKj_wDtHPnn |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Seeing+ENF%3A+Power-Signature-Based+Timestamp+for+Digital+Multimedia+via+Optical+Sensing+and+Signal+Processing&rft.jtitle=IEEE+transactions+on+information+forensics+and+security&rft.au=GARG%2C+Ravi&rft.au=VARNA%2C+Avinash+L&rft.au=HAJJ-AHMAD%2C+Adi&rft.au=MIN+WU&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft.pub=Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers&rft.issn=1556-6013&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9-10&rft.spage=1417&rft.epage=1432&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FTIFS.2013.2272217&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=27784416 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1556-6013&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1556-6013&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1556-6013&client=summon |