"Seeing" ENF: Power-Signature-Based Timestamp for Digital Multimedia via Optical Sensing and Signal Processing
Electric Network Frequency (ENF) fluctuates slightly over time from its nominal value of 50 Hz/60 Hz. The fluctuations in ENF remain consistent across the entire power grid including when measured at physically distant geographical locations. The light intensity from such indoor lighting as fluoresc...
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| Vydané v: | IEEE transactions on information forensics and security Ročník 8; číslo 9; s. 1417 - 1432 |
|---|---|
| Hlavní autori: | , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
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New York, NY
IEEE
01.09.2013
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) |
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| ISSN: | 1556-6013, 1556-6021 |
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| Abstract | Electric Network Frequency (ENF) fluctuates slightly over time from its nominal value of 50 Hz/60 Hz. The fluctuations in ENF remain consistent across the entire power grid including when measured at physically distant geographical locations. The light intensity from such indoor lighting as fluorescent lamps and incandescent bulbs, which are connected to the power mains, varies in accordance with the ENF, and the fluctuations can be recorded using visual sensors. In this paper, mechanisms using optical sensors and video cameras to record and validate the presence of ENF fluctuations in indoor lighting are presented. Spectrogram and subspace-based signal processing techniques are applied to such recordings to extract the ENF signal by estimating its instantaneous frequencies as a function of time. A high correlation is observed between the ENF fluctuations obtained from indoor lighting and that of the ENF signal captured directly from the power mains supply. A similar mechanism is then used to demonstrate the presence of ENF signals in video recordings taken in different geographical areas. Experimental results show that ENF signals are present in visual recordings made in different geographical areas and can be used as a natural timestamp for optical sensor recordings and video surveillance recordings conducted in indoor lighting environments. Robustness of ENF fluctuation traces under strong compression and CMOS rolling shutter cameras is discussed. Applications of the ENF signal analysis to tampering detection of surveillance video recordings and forensic binding of the audio and visual track of a video are also demonstrated. An analytical model based on an autoregressive process is also developed for ENF signals, and the effectiveness of using innovation sequences from the model for timestamp verification is demonstrated. |
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| AbstractList | Electric Network Frequency (ENF) fluctuates slightly over time from its nominal value of 50 Hz/60 Hz. The fluctuations in ENF remain consistent across the entire power grid including when measured at physically distant geographical locations. The light intensity from such indoor lighting as fluorescent lamps and incandescent bulbs, which are connected to the power mains, varies in accordance with the ENF, and the fluctuations can be recorded using visual sensors. In this paper, mechanisms using optical sensors and video cameras to record and validate the presence of ENF fluctuations in indoor lighting are presented. Spectrogram and subspace-based signal processing techniques are applied to such recordings to extract the ENF signal by estimating its instantaneous frequencies as a function of time. A high correlation is observed between the ENF fluctuations obtained from indoor lighting and that of the ENF signal captured directly from the power mains supply. A similar mechanism is then used to demonstrate the presence of ENF signals in video recordings taken in different geographical areas. Experimental results show that ENF signals are present in visual recordings made in different geographical areas and can be used as a natural timestamp for optical sensor recordings and video surveillance recordings conducted in indoor lighting environments. Robustness of ENF fluctuation traces under strong compression and CMOS rolling shutter cameras is discussed. Applications of the ENF signal analysis to tampering detection of surveillance video recordings and forensic binding of the audio and visual track of a video are also demonstrated. An analytical model based on an autoregressive process is also developed for ENF signals, and the effectiveness of using innovation sequences from the model for timestamp verification is demonstrated. |
| Author | Hajj-Ahmad, A. Min Wu Varna, A. L. Garg, R. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: R. surname: Garg fullname: Garg, R. email: ravig@umd.edu organization: Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: A. L. surname: Varna fullname: Varna, A. L. email: varna@umd.edu organization: Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: A. surname: Hajj-Ahmad fullname: Hajj-Ahmad, A. email: adiha@umd.edu organization: Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA – sequence: 4 surname: Min Wu fullname: Min Wu email: minwu@umd.edu organization: Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA |
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| Keywords | Audio-visual binding Grid Video signal Power supply Autoregressive model information forensics Modeling Indoor installation electric network frequency Complementary MOS technology Lighting Robustness Localization Computer security timestamp Multimedia Computer vision Forensic science Subspace method Optical sensor Video cameras video authentication Date Optical measurement Experimental result Electrical network Surveillance Authentication Signal processing Signal analysis |
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| SubjectTerms | Applied sciences Artificial intelligence Audio-visual binding Computer science; control theory; systems Detection, estimation, filtering, equalization, prediction Diodes electric network frequency Exact sciences and technology Fluctuation Forensic engineering Frequency estimation Illumination Indoor information forensics Information, signal and communications theory Lighting Memory and file management (including protection and security) Memory organisation. Data processing Optical sensors Pattern recognition. Digital image processing. Computational geometry Power grids Recording Signal and communications theory Signal processing Signal, noise Software Spectrogram Studies Telecommunications and information theory Time-frequency analysis timestamp video authentication Visual |
| Title | "Seeing" ENF: Power-Signature-Based Timestamp for Digital Multimedia via Optical Sensing and Signal Processing |
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