Clinical and cost‐effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for treatment and prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

The objective was to provide up‐to‐date clinical and cost‐effectiveness evidence investigating eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for treatment or prevention of adult post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and...

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Published in:	The British journal of psychology Vol. 116; no. 4; pp. 1128 - 1149
Main Authors:	Simpson, Emma, Carroll, Christopher, Sutton, Anthea, Forsyth, Jessica, Rayner, Annabel, Ren, Shijie, Franklin, Matthew, Wood, Emily
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England British Psychological Society 01.11.2025
Subjects:	Adult Adults Bayesian analysis Bias Clinical trials Cognitive behavioral therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - economics Cognitive-behavioral factors Cost analysis Cost-Benefit Analysis Costs Data Desensitization Effectiveness Eye movement desensitization eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing - economics Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing - methods Eye movements Humans Medical research Medical treatment Meta-analysis Post traumatic stress disorder Prevention Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Risk assessment Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - economics Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - prevention & control Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - therapy Symptoms Systematic review Trauma Treatment outcomes meta‐analysis eye movement desensitization and reprocessing systematic review post‐traumatic stress disorder
ISSN:	0007-1269, 2044-8295, 2044-8295
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Abstract	The objective was to provide up‐to‐date clinical and cost‐effectiveness evidence investigating eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for treatment or prevention of adult post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cost‐effectiveness studies assessing PTSD symptoms in adults, published since the NICE 2018 guidelines. EMDR was compared with trauma‐focused‐cognitive behavioural therapy (TF‐CBT), waitlist or usual care. Six databases were searched in September 2023. Risk of bias was assessed. Data synthesis included Bayesian meta‐analyses of standardized mean differences if sufficient data were available from at least three RCTs. From 2038 records, 17 studies met the eligibility criteria. One modelling‐based study reported cost‐effectiveness, finding EMDR the most cost‐effective intervention compared to 10 others, including TF‐CBT. Sixteen RCTs (n = 1031) providing clinical PTSD outcome data were identified. Most studies had small sample sizes, and all but one was at high/moderate risk of bias. Additionally, 13 RCTs from NICE 2018 guidelines contributed to meta‐analyses. EMDR treatment was generally of shorter duration with a lower burden on patient time. Meta‐analyses found EMDR was statistically significantly better than waitlist/usual care. There was no significant difference in treatment effect between EMDR and TF‐CBT, both reported significantly improved PTSD symptoms.
AbstractList	The objective was to provide up-to-date clinical and cost-effectiveness evidence investigating eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for treatment or prevention of adult post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cost-effectiveness studies assessing PTSD symptoms in adults, published since the NICE 2018 guidelines. EMDR was compared with trauma-focused-cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT), waitlist or usual care. Six databases were searched in September 2023. Risk of bias was assessed. Data synthesis included Bayesian meta-analyses of standardized mean differences if sufficient data were available from at least three RCTs. From 2038 records, 17 studies met the eligibility criteria. One modelling-based study reported cost-effectiveness, finding EMDR the most cost-effective intervention compared to 10 others, including TF-CBT. Sixteen RCTs (n = 1031) providing clinical PTSD outcome data were identified. Most studies had small sample sizes, and all but one was at high/moderate risk of bias. Additionally, 13 RCTs from NICE 2018 guidelines contributed to meta-analyses. EMDR treatment was generally of shorter duration with a lower burden on patient time. Meta-analyses found EMDR was statistically significantly better than waitlist/usual care. There was no significant difference in treatment effect between EMDR and TF-CBT, both reported significantly improved PTSD symptoms.The objective was to provide up-to-date clinical and cost-effectiveness evidence investigating eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for treatment or prevention of adult post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cost-effectiveness studies assessing PTSD symptoms in adults, published since the NICE 2018 guidelines. EMDR was compared with trauma-focused-cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT), waitlist or usual care. Six databases were searched in September 2023. Risk of bias was assessed. Data synthesis included Bayesian meta-analyses of standardized mean differences if sufficient data were available from at least three RCTs. From 2038 records, 17 studies met the eligibility criteria. One modelling-based study reported cost-effectiveness, finding EMDR the most cost-effective intervention compared to 10 others, including TF-CBT. Sixteen RCTs (n = 1031) providing clinical PTSD outcome data were identified. Most studies had small sample sizes, and all but one was at high/moderate risk of bias. Additionally, 13 RCTs from NICE 2018 guidelines contributed to meta-analyses. EMDR treatment was generally of shorter duration with a lower burden on patient time. Meta-analyses found EMDR was statistically significantly better than waitlist/usual care. There was no significant difference in treatment effect between EMDR and TF-CBT, both reported significantly improved PTSD symptoms. The objective was to provide up-to-date clinical and cost-effectiveness evidence investigating eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for treatment or prevention of adult post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cost-effectiveness studies assessing PTSD symptoms in adults, published since the NICE 2018 guidelines. EMDR was compared with trauma-focused-cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT), waitlist or usual care. Six databases were searched in September 2023. Risk of bias was assessed. Data synthesis included Bayesian meta-analyses of standardized mean differences if sufficient data were available from at least three RCTs. From 2038 records, 17 studies met the eligibility criteria. One modelling-based study reported cost-effectiveness, finding EMDR the most cost-effective intervention compared to 10 others, including TF-CBT. Sixteen RCTs (n = 1031) providing clinical PTSD outcome data were identified. Most studies had small sample sizes, and all but one was at high/moderate risk of bias. Additionally, 13 RCTs from NICE 2018 guidelines contributed to meta-analyses. EMDR treatment was generally of shorter duration with a lower burden on patient time. Meta-analyses found EMDR was statistically significantly better than waitlist/usual care. There was no significant difference in treatment effect between EMDR and TF-CBT, both reported significantly improved PTSD symptoms.
Author	Wood, Emily Franklin, Matthew Rayner, Annabel Sutton, Anthea Carroll, Christopher Forsyth, Jessica Simpson, Emma Ren, Shijie
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Emma orcidid: 0000-0001-7353-5979 surname: Simpson fullname: Simpson, Emma email: e.l.simpson@sheffield.ac.uk organization: University of Sheffield – sequence: 2 givenname: Christopher surname: Carroll fullname: Carroll, Christopher organization: University of Sheffield – sequence: 3 givenname: Anthea orcidid: 0000-0003-2449-2516 surname: Sutton fullname: Sutton, Anthea organization: University of Sheffield – sequence: 4 givenname: Jessica surname: Forsyth fullname: Forsyth, Jessica organization: University of Sheffield – sequence: 5 givenname: Annabel surname: Rayner fullname: Rayner, Annabel organization: University of Sheffield – sequence: 6 givenname: Shijie surname: Ren fullname: Ren, Shijie organization: University of Sheffield – sequence: 7 givenname: Matthew surname: Franklin fullname: Franklin, Matthew organization: University of Sheffield – sequence: 8 givenname: Emily surname: Wood fullname: Wood, Emily organization: University of Sheffield
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Snippet	The objective was to provide up‐to‐date clinical and cost‐effectiveness evidence investigating eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for... The objective was to provide up-to-date clinical and cost-effectiveness evidence investigating eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for...
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SubjectTerms	Adult Adults Bayesian analysis Bias Clinical trials Cognitive behavioral therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - economics Cognitive-behavioral factors Cost analysis Cost-Benefit Analysis Costs Data Desensitization Effectiveness Eye movement desensitization eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing - economics Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing - methods Eye movements Humans Medical research Medical treatment Meta-analysis Post traumatic stress disorder Prevention Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Risk assessment Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - economics Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - prevention & control Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - therapy Symptoms Systematic review Trauma Treatment outcomes
Title	Clinical and cost‐effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for treatment and prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
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