Evidence of Racial Bias Using Immersive Virtual Reality: Analysis of Head and Hand Motions During Shooting Decisions

Shooter bias is the tendency to more quickly shoot at unarmed Black suspects compared to unarmed White suspects. The primary goal of this research was to investigate the efficacy of shooter bias simulation studies in a more realistic immersive virtual scenario instead of the traditional methodologie...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics Vol. 27; no. 5; pp. 2502 - 2512
Main Authors: Peck, Tabitha C., Good, Jessica J., Seitz, Katharina
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States IEEE 01.05.2021
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subjects:
Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Avatars
Bias
body-swap illusions
Computer Graphics
Decision analysis
Decision Making - physiology
Female
Firearms
Force
Hand - physiology
Head Movements - physiology
Humans
Illusions
Immersive virtual reality
implicit bias
Law enforcement
Male
Middle Aged
Personal computers
Police
Racism
Racism - psychology
Racism - statistics & numerical data
Rubber
Shooter bias
Stereotyped Behavior
Target tracking
tracker data
user studies
Virtual environments
Virtual Reality
Weapons
Young Adult
ISSN:1077-2626, 1941-0506, 1941-0506
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Shooter bias is the tendency to more quickly shoot at unarmed Black suspects compared to unarmed White suspects. The primary goal of this research was to investigate the efficacy of shooter bias simulation studies in a more realistic immersive virtual scenario instead of the traditional methodologies using desktop computers. In this paper we present results from a user study (N=99) investigating shooter and racial bias in an immersive virtual environment. Our results highlight how racial bias was observed differently in an immersive virtual environment compared to previous desktop-based simulation studies. Latency to shoot, the standard shooter bias measure, was not found to be significantly different between race or socioeconomic status in our more realistic scenarios where participants chose to raise a weapon and pull a trigger. However, more nuanced head and hand motion analysis was able to predict participants' racial shooting accuracy and implicit racism scores. Discussion of how these nuanced measures can be used for detecting behavior changes for body-swap illusions, and implications of this work related to racial justice and police brutality are discussed.
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ISSN:1077-2626
1941-0506
1941-0506
DOI:10.1109/TVCG.2021.3067767