Measuring the capabilities of quantum computers

Quantum computers can now run interesting programs, but each processor’s capability—the set of programs that it can run successfully—is limited by hardware errors. These errors can be complicated, making it difficult to accurately predict a processor’s capability. Benchmarks can be used to measure c...

Celý popis

Uložené v:

Podrobná bibliografia
Vydané v:	Nature physics Ročník 18; číslo 1; s. 75 - 79
Hlavní autori:	Proctor, Timothy, Rudinger, Kenneth, Young, Kevin, Nielsen, Erik, Blume-Kohout, Robin
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.01.2022 Nature Publishing Group Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
Predmet:	639/705/1042 639/766/259 639/766/483 Algorithms Atomic Benchmarks Circuits Classical and Continuum Physics Complex Systems Computational science Condensed Matter Physics Hardware Information theory and computation Mathematical and Computational Physics MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING Microprocessors Molecular Optical and Plasma Physics Physics Physics and Astronomy Processors Quantum computers Quantum computing Quantum physics Qubits (quantum computing) Standard error Theoretical
ISSN:	1745-2473, 1745-2481
On-line prístup:	Získať plný text
Tagy:	Pridať tag Žiadne tagy, Buďte prvý, kto otaguje tento záznam!

Abstract	Quantum computers can now run interesting programs, but each processor’s capability—the set of programs that it can run successfully—is limited by hardware errors. These errors can be complicated, making it difficult to accurately predict a processor’s capability. Benchmarks can be used to measure capability directly, but current benchmarks have limited flexibility and scale poorly to many-qubit processors. We show how to construct scalable, efficiently verifiable benchmarks based on any program by using a technique that we call circuit mirroring. With it, we construct two flexible, scalable volumetric benchmarks based on randomized and periodically ordered programs. We use these benchmarks to map out the capabilities of twelve publicly available processors, and to measure the impact of program structure on each one. We find that standard error metrics are poor predictors of whether a program will run successfully on today’s hardware, and that current processors vary widely in their sensitivity to program structure. Evaluations of quantum computers across architectures need reliable benchmarks. A class of benchmarks that can directly reflect the structure of any algorithm shows that different quantum computers have considerable variations in performance.
AbstractList	Quantum computers can now run interesting programs, but each processor’s capability—the set of programs that it can run successfully—is limited by hardware errors. These errors can be complicated, making it difficult to accurately predict a processor’s capability. Benchmarks can be used to measure capability directly, but current benchmarks have limited flexibility and scale poorly to many-qubit processors. We show how to construct scalable, efficiently verifiable benchmarks based on any program by using a technique that we call circuit mirroring. With it, we construct two flexible, scalable volumetric benchmarks based on randomized and periodically ordered programs. We use these benchmarks to map out the capabilities of twelve publicly available processors, and to measure the impact of program structure on each one. We find that standard error metrics are poor predictors of whether a program will run successfully on today’s hardware, and that current processors vary widely in their sensitivity to program structure. Evaluations of quantum computers across architectures need reliable benchmarks. A class of benchmarks that can directly reflect the structure of any algorithm shows that different quantum computers have considerable variations in performance. Quantum computers can now run interesting programs, but each processor’s capability—the set of programs that it can run successfully—is limited by hardware errors. These errors can be complicated, making it difficult to accurately predict a processor’s capability. Benchmarks can be used to measure capability directly, but current benchmarks have limited flexibility and scale poorly to many-qubit processors. We show how to construct scalable, efficiently verifiable benchmarks based on any program by using a technique that we call circuit mirroring. With it, we construct two flexible, scalable volumetric benchmarks based on randomized and periodically ordered programs. We use these benchmarks to map out the capabilities of twelve publicly available processors, and to measure the impact of program structure on each one. We find that standard error metrics are poor predictors of whether a program will run successfully on today’s hardware, and that current processors vary widely in their sensitivity to program structure. Quantum computers can now run interesting programs, but each processor’s capability—the set of programs that it can run successfully—is limited by hardware errors. These errors can be complicated, making it difficult to accurately predict a processor’s capability. Benchmarks can be used to measure capability directly, but current benchmarks have limited flexibility and scale poorly to many-qubit processors. We show how to construct scalable, efficiently verifiable benchmarks based on any program by using a technique that we call circuit mirroring. With it, we construct two flexible, scalable volumetric benchmarks based on randomized and periodically ordered programs. We use these benchmarks to map out the capabilities of twelve publicly available processors, and to measure the impact of program structure on each one. We find that standard error metrics are poor predictors of whether a program will run successfully on today’s hardware, and that current processors vary widely in their sensitivity to program structure.Evaluations of quantum computers across architectures need reliable benchmarks. A class of benchmarks that can directly reflect the structure of any algorithm shows that different quantum computers have considerable variations in performance.
Author	Rudinger, Kenneth Blume-Kohout, Robin Proctor, Timothy Young, Kevin Nielsen, Erik
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Timothy orcidid: 0000-0003-0219-8930 surname: Proctor fullname: Proctor, Timothy email: tjproct@sandia.gov organization: Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories – sequence: 2 givenname: Kenneth orcidid: 0000-0002-3038-4389 surname: Rudinger fullname: Rudinger, Kenneth organization: Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories – sequence: 3 givenname: Kevin orcidid: 0000-0002-4679-4542 surname: Young fullname: Young, Kevin organization: Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories – sequence: 4 givenname: Erik surname: Nielsen fullname: Nielsen, Erik organization: Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories – sequence: 5 givenname: Robin orcidid: 0000-0001-8134-948X surname: Blume-Kohout fullname: Blume-Kohout, Robin organization: Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Quantum Performance Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories
BackLink	https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1841976$$D View this record in Osti.gov
BookMark	eNp9kD1PwzAURS1UJNrCH2CKYA71cxw7HlHFl1TEArPlOA511dqp7Qz8exKCQGJgem-45-rqLNDMeWcQugR8A7ioVpFCyXiOCeQYKBY5P0Fz4LTMCa1g9vPz4gwtYtxhTAmDYo5Wz0bFPlj3nqWtybTqVG33NlkTM99mx1651B8y7Q9dn0yI5-i0VftoLr7vEr3d372uH_PNy8PT-naT64KylBvcUs5wDZVQggGrhWbcFCUva9wQTqARrSaGiJqq1rTclE3dVKpiijPOC1Ys0dXU62OyMmqbjN5q75zRSUJFQfAxdD2FuuCPvYlJ7nwf3LBLEkYAsADgQ6qaUjr4GINp5dCmkvUuBWX3ErAcHcrJoRwcyi-HckTJH7QL9qDCx_9QMUGxG72a8LvqH-oTcdWEkA
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1109_TQE_2023_3305232 crossref_primary_10_22331_q_2025_09_05_1848 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevA_107_032614 crossref_primary_10_1021_acs_chemrev_4c00870 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41534_022_00636_x crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevResearch_6_043127 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevX_13_041030 crossref_primary_10_3390_en18164283 crossref_primary_10_7498_aps_74_20250791 crossref_primary_10_1103_PRXQuantum_4_040311 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jcp_2024_112756 crossref_primary_10_1103_PRXQuantum_4_020304 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41534_023_00797_3 crossref_primary_10_1088_1402_4896_acb2ff crossref_primary_10_1103_PRXQuantum_6_030202 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevResearch_4_043150 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42484_023_00121_4 crossref_primary_10_1088_2058_9565_adc298 crossref_primary_10_1109_TQE_2025_3558090 crossref_primary_10_1007_s13218_024_00864_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cities_2023_104459 crossref_primary_10_1088_2058_9565_ad3d80 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevApplied_22_054074 crossref_primary_10_1140_epjqt_s40507_021_00107_w crossref_primary_10_1109_TQE_2024_3430215 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11128_024_04384_z crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevResearch_7_023032 crossref_primary_10_1088_1361_6633_ad85f0 crossref_primary_10_1109_JOE_2025_3538941 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_asoc_2022_109844 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41534_023_00764_y crossref_primary_10_1007_s10773_024_05811_8 crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics12224664 crossref_primary_10_1088_1402_4896_ad406c crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevX_15_021047 crossref_primary_10_1103_PRXQuantum_5_030334 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11433_022_2057_y crossref_primary_10_1103_PRXQuantum_4_010327 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevX_13_041052 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_024_75212_8 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11128_023_04154_3 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevA_106_052406 crossref_primary_10_1109_TQE_2024_3404502 crossref_primary_10_1109_TQE_2022_3184764 crossref_primary_10_1109_TMTT_2023_3344878 crossref_primary_10_1002_qute_202500022 crossref_primary_10_3390_e24101467 crossref_primary_10_1088_1751_8121_adffcd crossref_primary_10_1109_TQE_2023_3253761 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevApplied_22_064084 crossref_primary_10_1007_s42484_022_00072_2 crossref_primary_10_1039_D4MH00916A crossref_primary_10_1038_s41567_023_02282_2 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevX_15_021052 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevApplied_20_024034 crossref_primary_10_1088_2058_9565_aded2f crossref_primary_10_1145_3682071 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41586_024_07173_x crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_025_60923_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_techfore_2023_122642 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevResearch_4_033140 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11128_022_03433_9 crossref_primary_10_1103_PRXQuantum_3_020335 crossref_primary_10_1103_h7pq_s159 crossref_primary_10_1103_PhysRevResearch_4_033028
Cites_doi	10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.200502 10.1103/PhysRevA.100.032328 10.1088/1367-2630/ab4fd6 10.1038/nature03350 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.180504 10.1088/2058-9565/ab8aa4 10.1038/s41534-017-0052-0 10.1038/s41534-019-0209-0 10.1088/1367-2630/ab1800 10.1038/s41467-019-13534-2 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.050505 10.1088/1464-4266/7/10/021 10.1103/PhysRevA.95.042306 10.1038/s41567-018-0124-x 10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5 10.1103/PhysRev.108.590 10.1016/j.cpc.2017.06.011 10.1103/PhysRevA.99.022313 10.22331/q-2018-08-06-79 10.1073/pnas.1618020114 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.240504 10.1038/nature23458 10.22331/q-2020-09-11-321 10.1103/PhysRevA.99.032318 10.1038/s41467-020-19074-4 10.1038/s41567-020-0992-8 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.030503 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.170502 10.1038/ncomms14485 10.1038/s41467-019-13068-7 10.22331/q-2020-11-15-362 10.1103/PhysRevA.94.052325 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.130501 10.1103/PhysRevA.96.022330 10.1145/3307650.3322273 10.5281/zenodo.5546759 10.5281/zenodo.5197499
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021.
Copyright_xml	– notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021 – notice: The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2021.
CorporateAuthor	Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
CorporateAuthor_xml	– sequence: 0 name: Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
DBID	AAYXX CITATION 3V. 7U5 7XB 88I 8FD 8FE 8FG 8FK ABUWG AEUYN AFKRA ARAPS AZQEC BENPR BGLVJ BHPHI BKSAR CCPQU DWQXO GNUQQ HCIFZ L7M M2P P5Z P62 PCBAR PHGZM PHGZT PKEHL PQEST PQGLB PQQKQ PQUKI Q9U OIOZB OTOTI
DOI	10.1038/s41567-021-01409-7
DatabaseName	CrossRef ProQuest Central (Corporate) Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Science Database (Alumni Edition) Technology Research Database ProQuest SciTech Collection ProQuest Technology Collection ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest One Sustainability ProQuest Central UK/Ireland Advanced Technologies & Computer Science Collection ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central Technology Collection Natural Science Collection Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central ProQuest Central Student SciTech Premium Collection Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Science Database (ProQuest) Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central Basic OSTI.GOV - Hybrid OSTI.GOV
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef ProQuest Central Student Technology Collection Technology Research Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) SciTech Premium Collection ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences ProQuest One Sustainability Natural Science Collection ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest Central (New) Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection ProQuest Science Journals (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Basic ProQuest Science Journals ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database ProQuest Technology Collection ProQuest SciTech Collection Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts ProQuest One Academic ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest One Academic (New)
DatabaseTitleList	ProQuest Central Student
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central - New (Subscription) url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Physics
EISSN	1745-2481
EndPage	79
ExternalDocumentID	1841976 10_1038_s41567_021_01409_7
GrantInformation_xml	– fundername: DOE \| LDRD \| Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) funderid: https://doi.org/10.13039/100006234 – fundername: DOE \| Office of Science (SC) funderid: https://doi.org/10.13039/100006132
GroupedDBID	0R~ 123 29M 39C 3V. 4.4 5BI 5M7 6OB 70F 88I 8FE 8FG 8FH 8R4 8R5 AAEEF AARCD AAYZH AAZLF ABAWZ ABDBF ABJNI ABLJU ABUWG ABZEH ACBWK ACGFO ACGFS ACGOD ACMJI ACUHS ADBBV ADFRT AENEX AEUYN AFBBN AFKRA AFSHS AFWHJ AGAYW AGHTU AHBCP AHOSX AHSBF AIBTJ ALFFA ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMTXH ARAPS ARMCB ASPBG AVWKF AXYYD AZFZN AZQEC BENPR BGLVJ BHPHI BKKNO BKSAR BPHCQ CCPQU DB5 DU5 DWQXO EBS EE. EJD ESX EXGXG F5P FEDTE FQGFK FSGXE GNUQQ HCIFZ HVGLF HZ~ I-F LGEZI LK5 LOTEE M2P M7R N9A NADUK NNMJJ NXXTH O9- ODYON P2P P62 PCBAR PQQKQ PROAC Q2X RNS RNT RNTTT SHXYY SIXXV SJN SNYQT SOJ TAOOD TBHMF TDRGL TSG TUS ~8M AAYXX ABFSG ACSTC AEZWR AFANA AFHIU AGSTI AHWEU AIXLP ALPWD ATHPR CITATION 7U5 7XB 8FD 8FK L7M PHGZM PHGZT PKEHL PQEST PQGLB PQUKI Q9U AGEZK OIOZB OTOTI
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c346t-e0f4760b189a9616b9c67e3575b0d2721d9fc2e29b4afef7e5dbd8a86a7677363
IEDL.DBID	M2P
ISICitedReferencesCount	93
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000733431000002&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	1745-2473
IngestDate	Thu Dec 05 06:26:32 EST 2024 Sat Aug 16 17:21:17 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 29 01:38:10 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:15:46 EST 2025 Fri Feb 21 02:38:00 EST 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess	true
IsOpenAccess	true
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	1
Language	English
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c346t-e0f4760b189a9616b9c67e3575b0d2721d9fc2e29b4afef7e5dbd8a86a7677363
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 NA0003525 USDOE Office of Science (SC), Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) SAND-2021-12259J
ORCID	0000-0001-8134-948X 0000-0002-4679-4542 0000-0002-3038-4389 0000-0003-0219-8930 000000018134948X 0000000246794542 0000000230384389 0000000302198930
OpenAccessLink	https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1841976
PQID	2621109117
PQPubID	27545
PageCount	5
ParticipantIDs	osti_scitechconnect_1841976 proquest_journals_2621109117 crossref_citationtrail_10_1038_s41567_021_01409_7 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41567_021_01409_7 springer_journals_10_1038_s41567_021_01409_7
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2022-01-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2022-01-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 01 year: 2022 text: 2022-01-01 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationPlace	London
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: London – name: United States
PublicationTitle	Nature physics
PublicationTitleAbbrev	Nat. Phys
PublicationYear	2022
Publisher	Nature Publishing Group UK Nature Publishing Group Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
Publisher_xml	– sequence: 0 name: Nature Publishing Group (NPG) – name: Nature Publishing Group UK – name: Nature Publishing Group
References	Kueng, Long, Doherty, Flammia (CR5) 2016; 117 McCaskey (CR24) 2019; 5 Mavadia (CR7) 2018; 4 Campbell (CR36) 2017; 95 Cross, Bishop, Sheldon, Nation, Gambetta (CR18) 2019; 100 Blume-Kohout (CR12) 2017; 8 Wright (CR22) 2019; 10 Blume-Kohout, Young (CR33) 2020; 4 Michielsen (CR14) 2017; 220 Tuckett, Bartlett, Flammia, Brown (CR27) 2020; 124 Emerson, Alicki, Życzkowski (CR29) 2005; 7 CR32 CR31 Knill (CR37) 2005; 434 Linke (CR20) 2017; 114 Ferracin, Kapourniotis, Datta (CR25) 2019; 21 Preskill (CR2) 2018; 2 Gambetta (CR13) 2012; 109 McKay, Sheldon, Smolin, Chow, Gambetta (CR16) 2019; 122 Carignan-Dugas, Wallman, Emerson (CR38) 2019; 21 Arute (CR1) 2019; 574 Proctor (CR8) 2020; 11 Murphy, Brown (CR6) 2019; 99 Wallman, Emerson (CR35) 2016; 94 Boixo (CR17) 2018; 14 Magesan, Gambetta, Emerson (CR19) 2011; 106 Erhard (CR9) 2019; 10 Sarovar (CR3) 2020; 4 Tuckett, Bartlett, Flammia (CR26) 2018; 120 McKay, Wood, Sheldon, Chow, Gambetta (CR30) 2017; 96 CR23 Proctor (CR15) 2019; 123 Huang, Doherty, Flammia (CR4) 2019; 99 CR41 CR40 Harrow, Montanaro (CR21) 2017; 549 Nielsen (CR39) 2020; 5 Flammia, Wallman (CR10) 2020; 1 Loschmidt (CR28) 1876; 2 Harper, Flammia, Wallman (CR11) 2020; 16 Kohn, Luttinger (CR34) 1957; 108 R Blume-Kohout (1409_CR12) 2017; 8 R Harper (1409_CR11) 2020; 16 1409_CR23 DC Murphy (1409_CR6) 2019; 99 K Wright (1409_CR22) 2019; 10 A Erhard (1409_CR9) 2019; 10 S Boixo (1409_CR17) 2018; 14 M Sarovar (1409_CR3) 2020; 4 J Preskill (1409_CR2) 2018; 2 J Emerson (1409_CR29) 2005; 7 AW Harrow (1409_CR21) 2017; 549 AJ McCaskey (1409_CR24) 2019; 5 S Ferracin (1409_CR25) 2019; 21 A Carignan-Dugas (1409_CR38) 2019; 21 NM Linke (1409_CR20) 2017; 114 JM Gambetta (1409_CR13) 2012; 109 R Blume-Kohout (1409_CR33) 2020; 4 R Kueng (1409_CR5) 2016; 117 ST Flammia (1409_CR10) 2020; 1 TJ Proctor (1409_CR15) 2019; 123 DC McKay (1409_CR30) 2017; 96 1409_CR31 1409_CR32 E Campbell (1409_CR36) 2017; 95 W Kohn (1409_CR34) 1957; 108 DK Tuckett (1409_CR27) 2020; 124 E Nielsen (1409_CR39) 2020; 5 DC McKay (1409_CR16) 2019; 122 E Magesan (1409_CR19) 2011; 106 E Huang (1409_CR4) 2019; 99 K Michielsen (1409_CR14) 2017; 220 DK Tuckett (1409_CR26) 2018; 120 J Loschmidt (1409_CR28) 1876; 2 T Proctor (1409_CR8) 2020; 11 S Mavadia (1409_CR7) 2018; 4 AW Cross (1409_CR18) 2019; 100 JJ Wallman (1409_CR35) 2016; 94 E Knill (1409_CR37) 2005; 434 1409_CR40 F Arute (1409_CR1) 2019; 574 1409_CR41
References_xml	– volume: 122 start-page: 200502 year: 2019 ident: CR16 article-title: Three-qubit randomized benchmarking publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.200502 – volume: 100 start-page: 032328 year: 2019 ident: CR18 article-title: Validating quantum computers using randomized model circuits publication-title: Phys. Rev. A doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.100.032328 – volume: 21 start-page: 113038 year: 2019 ident: CR25 article-title: Accrediting outputs of noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing devices publication-title: New J. Phys. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/ab4fd6 – volume: 434 start-page: 39 year: 2005 end-page: 44 ident: CR37 article-title: Quantum computing with realistically noisy devices publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/nature03350 – volume: 106 start-page: 180504 year: 2011 ident: CR19 article-title: Scalable and robust randomized benchmarking of quantum processes publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.180504 – volume: 5 start-page: 044002 year: 2020 ident: CR39 article-title: Probing quantum processor performance with pyGSTi publication-title: Quantum Sci. Technol. doi: 10.1088/2058-9565/ab8aa4 – volume: 4 year: 2018 ident: CR7 article-title: Experimental quantum verification in the presence of temporally correlated noise publication-title: NPJ Quantum Inf. doi: 10.1038/s41534-017-0052-0 – volume: 5 start-page: 99 year: 2019 ident: CR24 article-title: Quantum chemistry as a benchmark for near-term quantum computers publication-title: NPJ Quantum Inf. doi: 10.1038/s41534-019-0209-0 – volume: 21 start-page: 053016 year: 2019 ident: CR38 article-title: Bounding the average gate fidelity of composite channels using the unitarity publication-title: New J. Phys. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/ab1800 – volume: 10 start-page: 5464 year: 2019 ident: CR22 article-title: Benchmarking an 11-qubit quantum computer publication-title: Nat. Commun. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13534-2 – volume: 120 start-page: 050505 year: 2018 ident: CR26 article-title: Ultrahigh error threshold for surface codes with biased noise publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.050505 – volume: 2 start-page: 128 year: 1876 end-page: 142 ident: CR28 article-title: Über den Zustand des Wärmegleichgewichts eines Systems von Körpern mit Rücksicht auf die Schwerkraft publication-title: Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. – volume: 7 start-page: S347 year: 2005 ident: CR29 article-title: Scalable noise estimation with random unitary operators publication-title: J. Opt. B doi: 10.1088/1464-4266/7/10/021 – volume: 95 start-page: 042306 year: 2017 ident: CR36 article-title: Shorter gate sequences for quantum computing by mixing unitaries publication-title: Phys. Rev. A doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.95.042306 – volume: 14 start-page: 595 year: 2018 end-page: 600 ident: CR17 article-title: Characterizing quantum supremacy in near-term devices publication-title: Nat. Phys. doi: 10.1038/s41567-018-0124-x – ident: CR40 – volume: 574 start-page: 505 year: 2019 end-page: 510 ident: CR1 article-title: Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5 – volume: 108 start-page: 590 year: 1957 ident: CR34 article-title: Quantum theory of electrical transport phenomena publication-title: Phys. Rev. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.108.590 – ident: CR23 – volume: 220 start-page: 44 year: 2017 end-page: 55 ident: CR14 article-title: Benchmarking gate-based quantum computers publication-title: Comput. Phys. Commun. doi: 10.1016/j.cpc.2017.06.011 – volume: 99 start-page: 022313 year: 2019 ident: CR4 article-title: Performance of quantum error correction with coherent errors publication-title: Phys. Rev. A doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.99.022313 – volume: 2 start-page: 79 year: 2018 ident: CR2 article-title: Quantum computing in the NISQ era and beyond publication-title: Quantum doi: 10.22331/q-2018-08-06-79 – volume: 114 start-page: 3305 year: 2017 end-page: 3310 ident: CR20 article-title: Experimental comparison of two quantum computing architectures publication-title: Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.1618020114 – volume: 1 start-page: 3 year: 2020 ident: CR10 article-title: Efficient estimation of Pauli channels publication-title: ACM Trans. Quant. Comp. – volume: 109 start-page: 240504 year: 2012 ident: CR13 article-title: Characterization of addressability by simultaneous randomized benchmarking publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.240504 – volume: 549 start-page: 203 year: 2017 end-page: 209 ident: CR21 article-title: Quantum computational supremacy publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/nature23458 – volume: 4 start-page: 321 year: 2020 ident: CR3 article-title: Detecting crosstalk errors in quantum information processors publication-title: Quantum doi: 10.22331/q-2020-09-11-321 – ident: CR31 – volume: 99 start-page: 032318 year: 2019 ident: CR6 article-title: Controlling error orientation to improve quantum algorithm success rates publication-title: Phys. Rev. A doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.99.032318 – volume: 11 year: 2020 ident: CR8 article-title: Detecting and tracking drift in quantum information processors publication-title: Nat. Commun. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19074-4 – volume: 16 start-page: 1184 year: 2020 end-page: 1188 ident: CR11 article-title: Efficient learning of quantum noise publication-title: Nat. Phys. doi: 10.1038/s41567-020-0992-8 – ident: CR32 – volume: 123 start-page: 030503 year: 2019 ident: CR15 article-title: Direct randomized benchmarking for multiqubit devices publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.030503 – volume: 117 start-page: 170502 year: 2016 ident: CR5 article-title: Comparing experiments to the fault-tolerance threshold publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.170502 – volume: 8 year: 2017 ident: CR12 article-title: Demonstration of qubit operations below a rigorous fault tolerance threshold with gate set tomography publication-title: Nat. Commun. doi: 10.1038/ncomms14485 – ident: CR41 – volume: 10 year: 2019 ident: CR9 article-title: Characterizing large-scale quantum computers via cycle benchmarking publication-title: Nat. Commun. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13068-7 – volume: 4 start-page: 362 year: 2020 ident: CR33 article-title: A volumetric framework for quantum computer benchmarks publication-title: Quantum doi: 10.22331/q-2020-11-15-362 – volume: 94 start-page: 052325 year: 2016 ident: CR35 article-title: Noise tailoring for scalable quantum computation via randomized compiling publication-title: Phys. Rev. A doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.94.052325 – volume: 124 start-page: 130501 year: 2020 ident: CR27 article-title: Fault-tolerant thresholds for the surface code in excess of 5% under biased noise publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.130501 – volume: 96 start-page: 022330 year: 2017 ident: CR30 article-title: Efficient gates for quantum computing publication-title: Phys. Rev. A doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.96.022330 – volume: 8 year: 2017 ident: 1409_CR12 publication-title: Nat. Commun. doi: 10.1038/ncomms14485 – volume: 123 start-page: 030503 year: 2019 ident: 1409_CR15 publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.030503 – volume: 434 start-page: 39 year: 2005 ident: 1409_CR37 publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/nature03350 – volume: 10 year: 2019 ident: 1409_CR9 publication-title: Nat. Commun. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13068-7 – volume: 120 start-page: 050505 year: 2018 ident: 1409_CR26 publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.050505 – volume: 108 start-page: 590 year: 1957 ident: 1409_CR34 publication-title: Phys. Rev. doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.108.590 – volume: 574 start-page: 505 year: 2019 ident: 1409_CR1 publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5 – ident: 1409_CR31 – volume: 122 start-page: 200502 year: 2019 ident: 1409_CR16 publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.200502 – ident: 1409_CR23 doi: 10.1145/3307650.3322273 – volume: 124 start-page: 130501 year: 2020 ident: 1409_CR27 publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.130501 – ident: 1409_CR40 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.5546759 – volume: 109 start-page: 240504 year: 2012 ident: 1409_CR13 publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.240504 – volume: 14 start-page: 595 year: 2018 ident: 1409_CR17 publication-title: Nat. Phys. doi: 10.1038/s41567-018-0124-x – volume: 114 start-page: 3305 year: 2017 ident: 1409_CR20 publication-title: Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA doi: 10.1073/pnas.1618020114 – volume: 5 start-page: 044002 year: 2020 ident: 1409_CR39 publication-title: Quantum Sci. Technol. doi: 10.1088/2058-9565/ab8aa4 – volume: 21 start-page: 113038 year: 2019 ident: 1409_CR25 publication-title: New J. Phys. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/ab4fd6 – volume: 117 start-page: 170502 year: 2016 ident: 1409_CR5 publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.170502 – volume: 7 start-page: S347 year: 2005 ident: 1409_CR29 publication-title: J. Opt. B doi: 10.1088/1464-4266/7/10/021 – volume: 4 start-page: 321 year: 2020 ident: 1409_CR3 publication-title: Quantum doi: 10.22331/q-2020-09-11-321 – volume: 4 year: 2018 ident: 1409_CR7 publication-title: NPJ Quantum Inf. doi: 10.1038/s41534-017-0052-0 – volume: 4 start-page: 362 year: 2020 ident: 1409_CR33 publication-title: Quantum doi: 10.22331/q-2020-11-15-362 – volume: 10 start-page: 5464 year: 2019 ident: 1409_CR22 publication-title: Nat. Commun. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13534-2 – volume: 94 start-page: 052325 year: 2016 ident: 1409_CR35 publication-title: Phys. Rev. A doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.94.052325 – volume: 21 start-page: 053016 year: 2019 ident: 1409_CR38 publication-title: New J. Phys. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/ab1800 – volume: 106 start-page: 180504 year: 2011 ident: 1409_CR19 publication-title: Phys. Rev. Lett. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.180504 – volume: 2 start-page: 128 year: 1876 ident: 1409_CR28 publication-title: Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. – ident: 1409_CR32 – volume: 16 start-page: 1184 year: 2020 ident: 1409_CR11 publication-title: Nat. Phys. doi: 10.1038/s41567-020-0992-8 – volume: 549 start-page: 203 year: 2017 ident: 1409_CR21 publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/nature23458 – volume: 11 year: 2020 ident: 1409_CR8 publication-title: Nat. Commun. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19074-4 – volume: 2 start-page: 79 year: 2018 ident: 1409_CR2 publication-title: Quantum doi: 10.22331/q-2018-08-06-79 – volume: 1 start-page: 3 year: 2020 ident: 1409_CR10 publication-title: ACM Trans. Quant. Comp. – volume: 220 start-page: 44 year: 2017 ident: 1409_CR14 publication-title: Comput. Phys. Commun. doi: 10.1016/j.cpc.2017.06.011 – volume: 100 start-page: 032328 year: 2019 ident: 1409_CR18 publication-title: Phys. Rev. A doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.100.032328 – volume: 5 start-page: 99 year: 2019 ident: 1409_CR24 publication-title: NPJ Quantum Inf. doi: 10.1038/s41534-019-0209-0 – volume: 99 start-page: 032318 year: 2019 ident: 1409_CR6 publication-title: Phys. Rev. A doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.99.032318 – volume: 99 start-page: 022313 year: 2019 ident: 1409_CR4 publication-title: Phys. Rev. A doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.99.022313 – volume: 96 start-page: 022330 year: 2017 ident: 1409_CR30 publication-title: Phys. Rev. A doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.96.022330 – volume: 95 start-page: 042306 year: 2017 ident: 1409_CR36 publication-title: Phys. Rev. A doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.95.042306 – ident: 1409_CR41 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.5197499
SSID	ssj0042613
Score	2.685775
Snippet	Quantum computers can now run interesting programs, but each processor’s capability—the set of programs that it can run successfully—is limited by hardware...
SourceID	osti proquest crossref springer
SourceType	Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher
StartPage	75
SubjectTerms	639/705/1042 639/766/259 639/766/483 Algorithms Atomic Benchmarks Circuits Classical and Continuum Physics Complex Systems Computational science Condensed Matter Physics Hardware Information theory and computation Mathematical and Computational Physics MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING Microprocessors Molecular Optical and Plasma Physics Physics Physics and Astronomy Processors Quantum computers Quantum computing Quantum physics Qubits (quantum computing) Standard error Theoretical
Title	Measuring the capabilities of quantum computers
URI	https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41567-021-01409-7 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2621109117 https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1841976
Volume	18
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000733431000002&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1745-2481 dateEnd: 20221231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0042613 issn: 1745-2473 databaseCode: P5Z dateStart: 20220101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/hightechjournals providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1745-2481 dateEnd: 20221231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0042613 issn: 1745-2473 databaseCode: PCBAR dateStart: 20220101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/eaasdb providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central - New (Subscription) customDbUrl: eissn: 1745-2481 dateEnd: 20221231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0042613 issn: 1745-2473 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20220101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Science Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1745-2481 dateEnd: 20221231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0042613 issn: 1745-2473 databaseCode: M2P dateStart: 20220101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/sciencejournals providerName: ProQuest
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3NS8MwFH_opuDFb3F-jB68adiatElzEpWJBx1FFMRLaNMUBF03u_n3-5KlioK7eOmhbT54L8n7_V5e8gBORIaGu0BagmMhIZEsDJFcokJywftGSk1Lp-lbMRwmT08y9Q632odVNmuiW6iLSlsfeY9yS1Vwaorz8YTYrFF2d9Wn0FiGNiKb0IZ03dG0WYktO2DzA5ExoZFg_tBMnyW92hIXQWyAguUYkogfhqlV4QT7ATp_7ZM683O98d-Ob8K6B57BxXykbMGSGW3DqgsA1fUO9O6csxDbDhASBhptqAubRSIdVGUwmaEGZm-B9kkg6l14vB48XN0Qn0yBaBbxKTH9MkLx52EiM8lDnkvNhWGI1vJ-QZEHFrLU1FCZR1lpSmHiIi-SLOGZ4EIwzvagNapGZh-CmMlYSqwAwV-UmzhLQi7yOMN3haCZ6EDYSFJpf9O4TXjxqtyON0vUXPoKpa-c9BWWOf0qM57fs7Hw70OrIIUowV51q21MkJ4qZKshwqsOHDWaUH5G1upbDR04a3T5_fnvtg4W13YIa9SeiHBemSNoTd9n5hhW9Mf0pX7vQvtyMEzvu25c4jONnz8BzzjkNA
linkProvider	ProQuest
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V07T8MwED5BAcHCG1HKIwNMYLWxEzseEEI8BKJUDCCxmcRxpErQQtOC-FP8Rs5OAgIJNgbWJHacfHf2ffY9ALZFjAt3irQEZSEigUwNkVwiIIngLSOlpplDui06nej2Vl6NwVsVC2PdKqs50U3UaV_bPfIm5ZaqoGqKg8cnYqtG2dPVqoRGIRYX5vUFKVu-f36M-O5QenpyfXRGyqoCRLOAD4lpZQGOI_EjGUvu80RqLgxDsyVppRQJUSozTQ2VSRBnJhMmTJM0iiMeCy4E4wz7HYeJwGYWs66C9Kqa-S0bYUUAZkhoIFgZpNNiUTO3REkQ6xBhOY0k4stCWOujQn8xcr-dy7rl7nTuv_2oeZgtDWvvsNCEBRgzvUWYcg6uOl-C5qXbDMVv9dDk9TTaCM4tuGtyr595TyOUsNGDp8siF_ky3PzJaFeg1uv3zCp4IZOhlNgBGrdBYsI48rlIwhivpYLGog5-hZzSZSZ1W9DjXrkTfRapAm2FaCuHtsI2ux9tHos8Ir8-3bACodAKsql8tfV50kOFbNxH87EO6xXyqpxxcvUJex32Ktn5vP3zu9Z-720Lps-uL9uqfd65aMAMtdEfbgdqHWrDwchswKR-HnbzwabTBQ_u_lqm3gHwkD6j
linkToPdf	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V07T8MwED5BeYiFN6I8M8AEVhs7seMBIQRUIKDqABJiMYnjSJWgBdKC-Gv8Os5OAgIJNgbWJHac3He---w7H8CWiNFwp0hLEAsRCWRqiOQSBZII3jRSapo5SZ-Ldju6vpadEXircmFsWGU1J7qJOu1ru0beoNxSFVRN0cjKsIjOUWv_4ZHYClJ2p7Uqp1FA5My8viB9y_dOj1DW25S2ji8PT0hZYYBoFvABMc0swDElfiRjyX2eSM2FYejCJM2UIjlKZaapoTIJ4sxkwoRpkkZxxGPBhWCcYb-jMCaQY9pwwk54U1kBy0xYkYwZEhoIVibsNFnUyC1pEsQGR1h-I4n4YhRrfVTuLw7vtz1aZ_paM__5p83CdOlweweFhszBiOnNw4QLfNX5AjQu3CIpfreHrrCn0Xdw4cJdk3v9zHscIvKG954ui1_ki3D1J6Ndglqv3zPL4IVMhlJiB-j0BokJ48jnIgljvJYKGos6-JUUlS5PWLeFPu6U2-lnkSokr1DyykleYZudjzYPxfkivz69asGh0DuyR_xqGwulBwpZuo9uZR3WKhSocibK1ScE6rBb4ejz9s_vWvm9t02YRCip89P22SpMUZsU4ham1qA2eBqadRjXz4Nu_rTh1MKD27-G1DvriEeP
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Measuring+the+capabilities+of+quantum+computers&rft.jtitle=Nature+physics&rft.au=Proctor%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Rudinger%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=Young%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Erik&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft.pub=Nature+Publishing+Group+%28NPG%29&rft.issn=1745-2473&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fs41567-021-01409-7&rft.externalDocID=1841976
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1745-2473&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1745-2473&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1745-2473&client=summon