Spatial characterization of periodic behaviors of ground PM2.5 concentration across the Yangtze River Delta and the North China Plain during 2014–2024: A new insight on driving processes of regional air pollution
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has long been the major air pollutant across China, but its periodic behaviors are still not comprehensively understood at a regional scale. Spatial characterization of the periodic behaviors can sufficiently extract the spatiotemporal information of PM2.5 time series...
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| Published in: | Environmental research Vol. 277; p. 121648 |
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| Main Authors: | , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier Inc
15.07.2025
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| ISSN: | 0013-9351, 1096-0953, 1096-0953 |
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| Abstract | Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has long been the major air pollutant across China, but its periodic behaviors are still not comprehensively understood at a regional scale. Spatial characterization of the periodic behaviors can sufficiently extract the spatiotemporal information of PM2.5 time series and provide additional insights to understand key drivers of regional air pollution. This study collected PM2.5 hourly concentrations at 168 sites across the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the North China Plain (NCP) during 2014–2024 and identified PM2.5 periodic behaviors based on a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm with a pseudo F statistic extraction and harmonic regression analysis with a linear trend term. Spatial characterization of PM2.5 concentration periodicity was explored in long-term trend, daily and annual cycles. Results showed more local emissions and atmospheric upward dissipation in the NCP resulted in a stronger daily vibration of PM2.5 concentration rather than in the YRD. Greater annual amplitude in the NCP than in the YRD reflected the significantly-elevated emissions from coal combustion for domestic heat in cold season. A strongly negative correlation between annual amplitude of PM2.5 concentrations and spatial latitude of monitoring sites across the NCP was attributed to the decreasing washing–out effect of precipitation from southeast to northwest. PM2.5 concentration across both regions was experienced a long-term decreasing trend in 2014–2024 and the trend has slowed down after 2021. This study provided a new insight on driving PM2.5 concentrations across the NCP and the YRD of China and underlined the importance of periodic behaviors as complementing PM2.5 characterization.
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•Regional pattern of periodic behavior revealed potential driving processes of PM2.5.•Daily and annual cycles as well as long-term trend in 2014–2024 were identified.•Daily dynamic is linked to local emission & upward dissipation driven by radiation.•Washing–out effect of precipitation impacts spatial pattern of annual amplitude.•The rapid decline of PM2.5 level has slowed down after 2021 in the NCP and YRD. |
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| AbstractList | Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has long been the major air pollutant across China, but its periodic behaviors are still not comprehensively understood at a regional scale. Spatial characterization of the periodic behaviors can sufficiently extract the spatiotemporal information of PM2.5 time series and provide additional insights to understand key drivers of regional air pollution. This study collected PM2.5 hourly concentrations at 168 sites across the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the North China Plain (NCP) during 2014–2024 and identified PM2.5 periodic behaviors based on a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm with a pseudo F statistic extraction and harmonic regression analysis with a linear trend term. Spatial characterization of PM2.5 concentration periodicity was explored in long-term trend, daily and annual cycles. Results showed more local emissions and atmospheric upward dissipation in the NCP resulted in a stronger daily vibration of PM2.5 concentration rather than in the YRD. Greater annual amplitude in the NCP than in the YRD reflected the significantly-elevated emissions from coal combustion for domestic heat in cold season. A strongly negative correlation between annual amplitude of PM2.5 concentrations and spatial latitude of monitoring sites across the NCP was attributed to the decreasing washing–out effect of precipitation from southeast to northwest. PM2.5 concentration across both regions was experienced a long-term decreasing trend in 2014–2024 and the trend has slowed down after 2021. This study provided a new insight on driving PM2.5 concentrations across the NCP and the YRD of China and underlined the importance of periodic behaviors as complementing PM2.5 characterization.
[Display omitted]
•Regional pattern of periodic behavior revealed potential driving processes of PM2.5.•Daily and annual cycles as well as long-term trend in 2014–2024 were identified.•Daily dynamic is linked to local emission & upward dissipation driven by radiation.•Washing–out effect of precipitation impacts spatial pattern of annual amplitude.•The rapid decline of PM2.5 level has slowed down after 2021 in the NCP and YRD. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has long been the major air pollutant across China, but its periodic behaviors are still not comprehensively understood at a regional scale. Spatial characterization of the periodic behaviors can sufficiently extract the spatiotemporal information of PM2.5 time series and provide additional insights to understand key drivers of regional air pollution. This study collected PM2.5 hourly concentrations at 168 sites across the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the North China Plain (NCP) during 2014 - 2024 and identified PM2.5 periodic behaviors based on a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm with a pseudo F statistic extraction and harmonic regression analysis with a linear trend term. Spatial characterization of PM2.5 concentration periodicity was explored in long-term trend, daily and annual cycles. Results showed more local emissions and atmospheric upward dissipation in the NCP resulted in a stronger daily vibration of PM2.5 concentration rather than in the YRD. Greater annual amplitude in the NCP than in the YRD reflected the significantly-elevated emissions from coal combustion for domestic heat in cold season. A strongly negative correlation between annual amplitude of PM2.5 concentrations and spatial latitude of monitoring sites across the NCP was attributed to the decreasing washing-out effect of precipitation from southeast to northwest. PM2.5 concentration across both regions was experienced a long-term decreasing trend in 2014-2024 and the trend has slowed down after 2021. This study provided a new insight on driving PM2.5 concentrations across the NCP and the YRD of China and underlined the importance of periodic behaviors as complementing PM2.5 characterization.Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has long been the major air pollutant across China, but its periodic behaviors are still not comprehensively understood at a regional scale. Spatial characterization of the periodic behaviors can sufficiently extract the spatiotemporal information of PM2.5 time series and provide additional insights to understand key drivers of regional air pollution. This study collected PM2.5 hourly concentrations at 168 sites across the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the North China Plain (NCP) during 2014 - 2024 and identified PM2.5 periodic behaviors based on a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm with a pseudo F statistic extraction and harmonic regression analysis with a linear trend term. Spatial characterization of PM2.5 concentration periodicity was explored in long-term trend, daily and annual cycles. Results showed more local emissions and atmospheric upward dissipation in the NCP resulted in a stronger daily vibration of PM2.5 concentration rather than in the YRD. Greater annual amplitude in the NCP than in the YRD reflected the significantly-elevated emissions from coal combustion for domestic heat in cold season. A strongly negative correlation between annual amplitude of PM2.5 concentrations and spatial latitude of monitoring sites across the NCP was attributed to the decreasing washing-out effect of precipitation from southeast to northwest. PM2.5 concentration across both regions was experienced a long-term decreasing trend in 2014-2024 and the trend has slowed down after 2021. This study provided a new insight on driving PM2.5 concentrations across the NCP and the YRD of China and underlined the importance of periodic behaviors as complementing PM2.5 characterization. Fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) has long been the major air pollutant across China, but its periodic behaviors are still not comprehensively understood at a regional scale. Spatial characterization of the periodic behaviors can sufficiently extract the spatiotemporal information of PM₂.₅ time series and provide additional insights to understand key drivers of regional air pollution. This study collected PM₂.₅ hourly concentrations at 168 sites across the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the North China Plain (NCP) during 2014 - 2024 and identified PM₂.₅ periodic behaviors based on a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm with a pseudo F statistic extraction and harmonic regression analysis with a linear trend term. Spatial characterization of PM₂.₅ concentration periodicity was explored in long-term trend, daily and annual cycles. Results showed more local emissions and atmospheric upward dissipation in the NCP resulted in a stronger daily vibration of PM₂.₅ concentration rather than in the YRD. Greater annual amplitude in the NCP than in the YRD reflected the significantly-elevated emissions from coal combustion for domestic heat in cold season. A strongly negative correlation between annual amplitude of PM₂.₅ concentrations and spatial latitude of monitoring sites across the NCP was attributed to the decreasing washing-out effect of precipitation from southeast to northwest. PM₂.₅ concentration across both regions was experienced a long-term decreasing trend in 2014-2024 and the trend has slowed down after 2021. This study provided a new insight on driving PM₂.₅ concentrations across the NCP and the YRD of China and underlined the importance of periodic behaviors as complementing PM₂.₅ characterization. |
| ArticleNumber | 121648 |
| Author | Adamu, Andualem Tsehaye Tan, Jianguo Liu, Ying |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Ying orcidid: 0000-0003-1065-1811 surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Ying email: liu_ying@tongji.edu.cn organization: State Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Green Resource Recycling, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China – sequence: 2 givenname: Andualem Tsehaye orcidid: 0009-0001-8951-1610 surname: Adamu fullname: Adamu, Andualem Tsehaye organization: State Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Green Resource Recycling, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China – sequence: 3 givenname: Jianguo orcidid: 0000-0002-0383-3310 surname: Tan fullname: Tan, Jianguo organization: Key Laboratory of Cities' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change, Shanghai, China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China |
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| SubjectTerms | air pollutants air pollution algorithms China coal cold season combustion FFT Fine particulate matter heat latitude particulates Periodic dynamics periodicity regression analysis river deltas Spatial pattern Temporal variation time series analysis vibration Yangtze River |
| Title | Spatial characterization of periodic behaviors of ground PM2.5 concentration across the Yangtze River Delta and the North China Plain during 2014–2024: A new insight on driving processes of regional air pollution |
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