The secret of quick thinking: The invention of mental speed in America, 1890–1925
In the early 20th century, mental speed became a dominant measure of intelligence in the United States. For both cultural and technical reasons, this had not always been the case. For 19th-century Americans, quickness of speech and thought often signified lack of self-discipline. Unlike with other o...
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| Vydáno v: | Time & society Ročník 29; číslo 2; s. 469 - 493 |
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| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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London, England
SAGE Publications
01.05.2020
Sage Publications Ltd |
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| ISSN: | 0961-463X, 1461-7463 |
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| Abstract | In the early 20th century, mental speed became a dominant measure of intelligence in the United States. For both cultural and technical reasons, this had not always been the case. For 19th-century Americans, quickness of speech and thought often signified lack of self-discipline. Unlike with other objects of temporal measurement and rationalization such as factory work, little scientific or popular consensus existed over how to clock the invisible phenomenon of thought. The cultural and scientific ascent of mental speed thus poses an unsolved historical problem: how and why did Americans adopt this new ideal of intelligence? This essay offers an answer in the introduction and popularization of a new and controversial practice: the timed test. The first timed tests did not so much formalize an existing conception of mental efficiency as establish a new one, using one of the key tools of measurement available to experimental psychology, the mechanical time-keeper. Initially frustrated in their efforts to correlate their subjects' laboratory-measured reaction time with socially recognized achievements such as academic grades, psychologists in the late 1890s borrowed a still-obscure concept from stenography and telegraphy: words per minute. At first, few scientists or members of the public equated reading, speaking, writing, and listening rate with intelligence. Only after American educators, military recruiters, and vocational guidance experts began to adopt timed testing in the 1910s for administrative convenience did mental speed begin to indicate intelligence and knowledge. What began as a way to test minds efficiently evolved almost inadvertently into a test of their efficiency. |
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| AbstractList | In the early 20th century, mental speed became a dominant measure of intelligence in the United States. For both cultural and technical reasons, this had not always been the case. For 19th-century Americans, quickness of speech and thought often signified lack of self-discipline. Unlike with other objects of temporal measurement and rationalization such as factory work, little scientific or popular consensus existed over how to clock the invisible phenomenon of thought. The cultural and scientific ascent of mental speed thus poses an unsolved historical problem: how and why did Americans adopt this new ideal of intelligence? This essay offers an answer in the introduction and popularization of a new and controversial practice: the timed test. The first timed tests did not so much formalize an existing conception of mental efficiency as establish a new one, using one of the key tools of measurement available to experimental psychology, the mechanical time-keeper. Initially frustrated in their efforts to correlate their subjects' laboratory-measured reaction time with socially recognized achievements such as academic grades, psychologists in the late 1890s borrowed a still-obscure concept from stenography and telegraphy: words per minute. At first, few scientists or members of the public equated reading, speaking, writing, and listening rate with intelligence. Only after American educators, military recruiters, and vocational guidance experts began to adopt timed testing in the 1910s for administrative convenience did mental speed begin to indicate intelligence and knowledge. What began as a way to test minds efficiently evolved almost inadvertently into a test of their efficiency. |
| Author | Clark, Justin Tyler |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Justin Tyler orcidid: 0000-0002-4521-6919 surname: Clark fullname: Clark, Justin Tyler email: justin.clark@ntu.edu.sg organization: Nanyang Technological University, Singapore |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1111/j.1745-3984.1966.tb00870.x 10.1017/CBO9780511490040 10.2307/2940628 10.1353/sor.2005.0005 10.1037/h0073117 10.2307/1412713 10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00626.x 10.1126/science.22.554.167 10.1177/0306312707083531 10.4324/9780203733028 10.2307/1412429 10.4159/9780674056527 10.7208/chicago/9780226093208.001.0001 10.1037/h0071020 10.1017/S1537781400004102 10.1002/jhbs.21850 10.1037/h0092999 10.1037/h0073806 10.1037/h0092985 10.1037/h0073682 10.1086/368736 10.7208/chicago/9780226015057.001.0001 10.1353/jsh.0.0284 10.2307/1413989 10.5962/bhl.title.146169 10.2307/1412620 10.1037/13583-000 10.2307/1412745 10.1037/10823-000 10.1037/10014-000 10.1080/08919402.1924.10532922 10.1037/12923-000 10.1037/h0075624 10.1037/h0070013 |
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| Keywords | history of education history of technology progressive era educational testing movement History of time clerical labor psychometrics history of efficiency experimental psychology |
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| Snippet | In the early 20th century, mental speed became a dominant measure of intelligence in the United States. For both cultural and technical reasons, this had not... |
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| SubjectTerms | 19th century 20th century Academic achievement Armed forces Career counseling Experimental psychology Experts Intelligence Measurement Psychologists Psychology Rationalization Reaction time Speech Teachers |
| Title | The secret of quick thinking: The invention of mental speed in America, 1890–1925 |
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