The secret of quick thinking: The invention of mental speed in America, 1890–1925
In the early 20th century, mental speed became a dominant measure of intelligence in the United States. For both cultural and technical reasons, this had not always been the case. For 19th-century Americans, quickness of speech and thought often signified lack of self-discipline. Unlike with other o...
Uloženo v:
| Vydáno v: | Time & society Ročník 29; číslo 2; s. 469 - 493 |
|---|---|
| Hlavní autor: | |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Vydáno: |
London, England
SAGE Publications
01.05.2020
Sage Publications Ltd |
| Témata: | |
| ISSN: | 0961-463X, 1461-7463 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
| Tagy: |
Přidat tag
Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!
|
| Abstract | In the early 20th century, mental speed became a dominant measure of intelligence in the United States. For both cultural and technical reasons, this had not always been the case. For 19th-century Americans, quickness of speech and thought often signified lack of self-discipline. Unlike with other objects of temporal measurement and rationalization such as factory work, little scientific or popular consensus existed over how to clock the invisible phenomenon of thought. The cultural and scientific ascent of mental speed thus poses an unsolved historical problem: how and why did Americans adopt this new ideal of intelligence? This essay offers an answer in the introduction and popularization of a new and controversial practice: the timed test. The first timed tests did not so much formalize an existing conception of mental efficiency as establish a new one, using one of the key tools of measurement available to experimental psychology, the mechanical time-keeper. Initially frustrated in their efforts to correlate their subjects' laboratory-measured reaction time with socially recognized achievements such as academic grades, psychologists in the late 1890s borrowed a still-obscure concept from stenography and telegraphy: words per minute. At first, few scientists or members of the public equated reading, speaking, writing, and listening rate with intelligence. Only after American educators, military recruiters, and vocational guidance experts began to adopt timed testing in the 1910s for administrative convenience did mental speed begin to indicate intelligence and knowledge. What began as a way to test minds efficiently evolved almost inadvertently into a test of their efficiency. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | In the early 20th century, mental speed became a dominant measure of intelligence in the United States. For both cultural and technical reasons, this had not always been the case. For 19th-century Americans, quickness of speech and thought often signified lack of self-discipline. Unlike with other objects of temporal measurement and rationalization such as factory work, little scientific or popular consensus existed over how to clock the invisible phenomenon of thought. The cultural and scientific ascent of mental speed thus poses an unsolved historical problem: how and why did Americans adopt this new ideal of intelligence? This essay offers an answer in the introduction and popularization of a new and controversial practice: the timed test. The first timed tests did not so much formalize an existing conception of mental efficiency as establish a new one, using one of the key tools of measurement available to experimental psychology, the mechanical time-keeper. Initially frustrated in their efforts to correlate their subjects' laboratory-measured reaction time with socially recognized achievements such as academic grades, psychologists in the late 1890s borrowed a still-obscure concept from stenography and telegraphy: words per minute. At first, few scientists or members of the public equated reading, speaking, writing, and listening rate with intelligence. Only after American educators, military recruiters, and vocational guidance experts began to adopt timed testing in the 1910s for administrative convenience did mental speed begin to indicate intelligence and knowledge. What began as a way to test minds efficiently evolved almost inadvertently into a test of their efficiency. |
| Author | Clark, Justin Tyler |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Justin Tyler orcidid: 0000-0002-4521-6919 surname: Clark fullname: Clark, Justin Tyler email: justin.clark@ntu.edu.sg organization: Nanyang Technological University, Singapore |
| BookMark | eNp9UMtKAzEUDaJgrd27DLh1NJm8Ju5K8QUFF1ZwN2TSmza2zbTJVHDnP_iHfokzVBAKurqPc859nBN0GOoACJ1RckmpUldES8ole6G6KJgS_AD12ppmqm0eol4HZx1-jAYp-YoQniutqeihp8kccAIbocG1w5uttwvczH1Y-DC7xh3qwxuExtehI6za1CxxWgNMWwQPVxC9NReYFpp8fXxSnYtTdOTMMsHgJ_bR8-3NZHSfjR_vHkbDcWYZ0U3GneBGWwkFOMuUZYwRxzSvKjc1TuZgKwnC5BWlU0ULm4OruOSCFlMtCFOsj853c9ex3mwhNeVrvY2hXVnmnFDJCCGiZckdy8Y6pQiutL4x3T9NNH5ZUlJ2Hpb7HrZCsidcR78y8f0_SbaTJDOD32v-5H8DhQKAqQ |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1177_0961463X241246397 crossref_primary_10_1080_17460654_2022_2065732 crossref_primary_10_1177_0961463X221111048 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1111/j.1745-3984.1966.tb00870.x 10.1017/CBO9780511490040 10.2307/2940628 10.1353/sor.2005.0005 10.1037/h0073117 10.2307/1412713 10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00626.x 10.1126/science.22.554.167 10.1177/0306312707083531 10.4324/9780203733028 10.2307/1412429 10.4159/9780674056527 10.7208/chicago/9780226093208.001.0001 10.1037/h0071020 10.1017/S1537781400004102 10.1002/jhbs.21850 10.1037/h0092999 10.1037/h0073806 10.1037/h0092985 10.1037/h0073682 10.1086/368736 10.7208/chicago/9780226015057.001.0001 10.1353/jsh.0.0284 10.2307/1413989 10.5962/bhl.title.146169 10.2307/1412620 10.1037/13583-000 10.2307/1412745 10.1037/10823-000 10.1037/10014-000 10.1080/08919402.1924.10532922 10.1037/12923-000 10.1037/h0075624 10.1037/h0070013 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | The Author(s) 2019 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: The Author(s) 2019 |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION 7U4 8BJ BHHNA DWI FQK JBE WZK |
| DOI | 10.1177/0961463X19883754 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef Sociological Abstracts (pre-2017) International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) Sociological Abstracts Sociological Abstracts International Bibliography of the Social Sciences International Bibliography of the Social Sciences Sociological Abstracts (Ovid) |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef Sociological Abstracts (pre-2017) International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS) Sociological Abstracts |
| DatabaseTitleList | CrossRef Sociological Abstracts (pre-2017) |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Sociology & Social History Psychology |
| EISSN | 1461-7463 |
| EndPage | 493 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 10_1177_0961463X19883754 10.1177_0961463X19883754 |
| GrantInformation_xml | – fundername: Ministry of Education - Singapore grantid: Tier 1 Grant funderid: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001459 |
| GroupedDBID | -TM .2G .2L 01A 09Z 0R~ 123 1~K 29Q 31S 31V 31W 31X 4.4 56W AABOD AACKU AADIR AADUE AAGGD AAGLT AAKTJ AAMFR AANSI AAPEO AAQDB AAQXI AARIX AATAA AAWLO ABAWP ABCCA ABCJG ABEIX ABFXH ABHQH ABIDT ABIPJ ABIVO ABKRH ABPNF ABQKF ABQPY ABQXT ABRHV ABUJY ABYTW ACAEP ACDXX ACFUR ACFZE ACGFS ACHQT ACJER ACLZU ACOFE ACOXC ACRPL ACSIQ ACUFS ACUIR ADDLC ADEBD ADEIA ADMHG ADNMO ADNON ADPEE ADRRZ ADSTG ADTOS ADUKL ADYCS ADZJE AEDXQ AEOBU AESMA AESZF AEUHG AEVPJ AEWDL AEWHI AEXNY AFEET AFKBI AFKRG AFMOU AFQAA AFUIA AFWMB AGDVU AGKLV AGNHF AGNWV AGQPQ AGWNL AHDMH AHWHD AJUZI ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ANDLU ARBYP ARTOV ASPBG AUTPY AVWKF AYPQM AZFZN B8O B8S B8T B8Z BDZRT BMVBW BPACV BYIEH CAG CBRKF CCGJY CEADM COF CS3 DD0 DD~ DG~ DOPDO DV7 DV8 EBS EJD FHBDP GROUPED_SAGE_PREMIER_JOURNAL_COLLECTION H13 HF~ HZ~ J8X N9A O9- P.B P2P PQQKQ Q1R Q7O Q7P Q7X RIG ROL S01 SAUOL SBI SCNPE SFB SFC SFK SFR SFT SFX SGP SGU SGV SHB SHF SHM SPJ SPP SQCSI SSDHQ XSW ZPLXX ZPPRI ~32 AAEJI AAPII AAYXX ABUAX ACCVC AEYHP AJGYC AJHME AJVBE AMNSR CITATION 7U4 8BJ BHHNA DWI FQK JBE WZK |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c309t-4f54a9c6e8efc37c3330f394bbfdaf62ecb6e5a2b11d718c2efb464518d950373 |
| IEDL.DBID | AEVPJ |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 4 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000502689200001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 0961-463X |
| IngestDate | Tue Nov 25 09:41:51 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 08:16:38 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:13:37 EST 2025 Tue Jun 17 22:44:19 EDT 2025 |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 2 |
| Keywords | history of education history of technology progressive era educational testing movement History of time clerical labor psychometrics history of efficiency experimental psychology |
| Language | English |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c309t-4f54a9c6e8efc37c3330f394bbfdaf62ecb6e5a2b11d718c2efb464518d950373 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4521-6919 |
| PQID | 2401630005 |
| PQPubID | 25610 |
| PageCount | 25 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_journals_2401630005 crossref_citationtrail_10_1177_0961463X19883754 crossref_primary_10_1177_0961463X19883754 sage_journals_10_1177_0961463X19883754 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 20200500 2020-05-00 20200501 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2020-05-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 5 year: 2020 text: 20200500 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | London, England |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: London, England – name: London |
| PublicationTitle | Time & society |
| PublicationYear | 2020 |
| Publisher | SAGE Publications Sage Publications Ltd |
| Publisher_xml | – name: SAGE Publications – name: Sage Publications Ltd |
| References | 1920; 103 Goodwin 1903; 26 Bair 1902; 5 Bache 1895; 2 Eliot 1891; 34 Mülberger 2017; 53 Goddard 1913; 10 Poole 1890; 11 Calkins 1894; 8 Seashore 1902; 3 Wallin 1912; 5 Maclean 1905; 22 Johnson, Im-Bolter, Pascual-Leone 2003; 74 Zimmerman 2010; 9 Ruml 1920; 17 Kohs 1914; 10 Swift 1903; 14 England, Boyer 2009; 43 Bell 1921; 12 Bryan, Harter 1897; 4 Hill, Rejall, Thorndike 1913 1920; 9 Lenoir 1994; 9 Terman, Childs 1912; 3 Scripture 1894; 17 Engelhart, Thomas 1966; 3 Shepard, Zinman 1924; 2 Boring 1920; 31 1889; 14 Young 1924; 31 Roper 1919; 62 Alexander 2008; 38 O'Malley 2005; 72 1914 Hoffman 2003; 7 Goddard 1908; 5 Huey 1900; 11 Winship 1851; 1 1885; 4 Harding 1923; 96 1891; 34 1897; 56 Fiske 1903; 26 1868; 1 Bryan, Harter 1899; 6 Wissler 1901; 3 Peak, Boring 1926; 9 Whipple 1904; 15 Thurstone 1918; 8 Bagley 1900; 12 Thornton T (bibr87-0961463X19883754) 1996 Wissler C (bibr93-0961463X19883754) 1901; 3 Ruediger W (bibr74-0961463X19883754) 1907 Harding A (bibr45-0961463X19883754) 1923; 96 bibr6-0961463X19883754 Goodwin E (bibr42-0961463X19883754) 1903; 26 Gould S (bibr43-0961463X19883754) 1981 Huey E (bibr51-0961463X19883754) 1912 Monroe W (bibr64-0961463X19883754) 1917 bibr4-0961463X19883754 Hill L (bibr48-0961463X19883754) 1913 Gladwell M (bibr39-0961463X19883754) 2005 bibr104-0961463X19883754 bibr17-0961463X19883754 Seashore C (bibr78-0961463X19883754) 1902; 3 bibr33-0961463X19883754 Henkin D (bibr47-0961463X19883754) 2007 Journal of the Telegraph (bibr56-0961463X19883754) 1868; 1 bibr25-0961463X19883754 Goddard H (bibr41-0961463X19883754) 1913; 10 Zenderland L (bibr103-0961463X19883754) 1998 bibr2-0961463X19883754 Industrial-Arts Magazine (bibr53-0961463X19883754) 1920; 9 Wood B (bibr99-0961463X19883754) 1923 Brown and Holland Shorthand News (bibr14-0961463X19883754) 1885; 4 Douglas A (bibr28-0961463X19883754) 1995 Gaither M (bibr37-0961463X19883754) 2003 bibr65-0961463X19883754 bibr92-0961463X19883754 Winship CF (bibr98-0961463X19883754) 1851; 1 Calkins M (bibr19-0961463X19883754) 1894; 8 Cmiel K (bibr23-0961463X19883754) 1990 Poole H (bibr70-0961463X19883754) 1890; 11 Crawford L (bibr26-0961463X19883754) 1923 bibr34-0961463X19883754 bibr50-0961463X19883754 bibr8-0961463X19883754 bibr84-0961463X19883754 Book W (bibr11-0961463X19883754) 1908 Brozek J (bibr16-0961463X19883754) 1970 Trent J (bibr89-0961463X19883754) 1994 Eliot C (bibr30-0961463X19883754) 1891; 34 bibr68-0961463X19883754 Fiske T (bibr35-0961463X19883754) 1903; 26 Romanes G (bibr72-0961463X19883754) 1883 Yerkes R (bibr100-0961463X19883754) 1921 Douglas S (bibr29-0961463X19883754) 1999 Kohs S (bibr58-0961463X19883754) 1914; 10 McClure's (bibr61-0961463X19883754) 1914 bibr36-0961463X19883754 bibr95-0961463X19883754 Whipple G (bibr97-0961463X19883754) 1918 Bobbitt F (bibr10-0961463X19883754) 1913 bibr101-0961463X19883754 Webster E (bibr91-0961463X19883754) 1852 Hoffman C (bibr49-0961463X19883754) 2003; 7 bibr62-0961463X19883754 Currell S (bibr27-0961463X19883754) 2007 bibr44-0961463X19883754 Kahneman D (bibr57-0961463X19883754) 2011 Shepard O (bibr79-0961463X19883754) 1924; 2 bibr80-0961463X19883754 bibr77-0961463X19883754 O'Malley M (bibr66-0961463X19883754) 2005; 72 Giles C (bibr38-0961463X19883754) 1838 Goddard H (bibr40-0961463X19883754) 1908; 5 bibr59-0961463X19883754 bibr46-0961463X19883754 bibr54-0961463X19883754 Scripture E (bibr76-0961463X19883754) 1894; 17 Bagley W (bibr7-0961463X19883754) 1907 bibr85-0961463X19883754 Zboray R (bibr102-0961463X19883754) 2008 Boraas J (bibr12-0961463X19883754) 1922 bibr82-0961463X19883754 Phonetic Journal (bibr69-0961463X19883754) 1897; 56 bibr24-0961463X19883754 Atchison J (bibr3-0961463X19883754) 2009 Emerson R (bibr31-0961463X19883754) 1883 bibr32-0961463X19883754 bibr75-0961463X19883754 Independent (bibr52-0961463X19883754) 1920; 103 Pacific Medical Journal (bibr67-0961463X19883754) 1891; 34 Roper W (bibr73-0961463X19883754) 1919; 62 Bacon F (bibr5-0961463X19883754) 1955 Callahan R (bibr20-0961463X19883754) 1962 bibr83-0961463X19883754 bibr9-0961463X19883754 Thurstone L (bibr88-0961463X19883754) 1918; 8 bibr21-0961463X19883754 Akers W (bibr1-0961463X19883754) 1901 bibr13-0961463X19883754 bibr71-0961463X19883754 bibr86-0961463X19883754 Wallin J (bibr90-0961463X19883754) 1912; 5 bibr60-0961463X19883754 Bryan W (bibr18-0961463X19883754) 1899; 6 Chapman P (bibr22-0961463X19883754) 1988 Browne’s Phonographic Monthly (bibr15-0961463X19883754) 1889; 14 bibr63-0961463X19883754 bibr94-0961463X19883754 Srole C (bibr81-0961463X19883754) 2010 bibr55-0961463X19883754 |
| References_xml | – volume: 3 start-page: 1 year: 1902 end-page: 17 article-title: A method of measuring mental work: The psychergograph. publication-title: Studies of Psychology – volume: 4 start-page: 27 issue: 1 year: 1897 end-page: 53 article-title: Studies in the physiology and psychology of the telegraphic language. publication-title: Psychological Review – volume: 38 start-page: 323 issue: 3 year: 2008 end-page: 349 article-title: Efficiencies of balance: Technical efficiency, popular efficiency, and arbitrary standards in the late progressive era USA. publication-title: Social Studies of Science – volume: 10 start-page: 23 issue: 2 year: 1913 end-page: 29 article-title: Standard method for giving the Binet test. publication-title: Training School Bulletin – volume: 72 start-page: 371 issue: 2 year: 2005 end-page: 406 article-title: That busyness that is not business: Nervousness and character at the turn of the last century. publication-title: Social Research – volume: 12 start-page: 80 issue: 1 year: 1900 end-page: 130 article-title: The apperception of the spoken sentence: A study in the psychology of language. publication-title: American Journal of Psychology – volume: 34 start-page: 440 issue: 7 year: 1891 end-page: 441 article-title: Sexual neurasthenia publication-title: Pacific Medical Journal – volume: 2 start-page: 463 issue: 6 year: 1924 end-page: 465 article-title: Application of Hoke’s prognostic test of stenographic ability publication-title: Vocational Education Magazine – volume: 26 start-page: 440 year: 1903 end-page: 456 article-title: A comparison of college entrance examinations. publication-title: Educational Review – volume: 9 start-page: 71 issue: 2 year: 1926 end-page: 94 article-title: The factor of speed in intelligence. publication-title: Journal of Experimental Psychology – volume: 74 start-page: 1594 issue: 6 year: 2003 end-page: 1614 article-title: Development of mental attention in gifted and mainstream children: The role of mental capacity, inhibition, and speed of processing. publication-title: Child Development – volume: 2 start-page: 475 issue: 5 year: 1895 end-page: 486 article-title: Reaction time with reference to race. publication-title: Psychological Review – volume: 7 start-page: 129 issue: 1 year: 2003 end-page: 149 article-title: Helmholtz’ apparatuses telegraphy as working model of nerve physiology. publication-title: Philosophia Scientiae – volume: 26 start-page: 266 year: 1903 end-page: 304 article-title: The examinations of 1903 publication-title: Educational Review – volume: 15 start-page: 489 issue: 4 year: 1904 end-page: 498 article-title: Reaction-times as a test of mental ability. publication-title: American Journal of Psychology – start-page: 53 issue: 43 year: 1914 end-page: 62 article-title: Clean living and quick thinking publication-title: McClure's – volume: 4 start-page: 196 issue: 10 year: 1885 article-title: Stenographic news publication-title: . Brown and Holland Shorthand News – volume: 11 start-page: 315 issue: 13 year: 1890 end-page: 316 article-title: Rest publication-title: Good Housekeping – volume: 12 start-page: 103 issue: 2 year: 1921 end-page: 108 article-title: Group tests of intelligence: An annotated list. publication-title: Journal of Educational Psychology – volume: 3 start-page: 141 issue: 2 year: 1966 end-page: 145 article-title: Rice as the inventor of the comparative test. publication-title: Journal of Educational Measurement – start-page: 516 issue: 20 year: 1913 article-title: Practice in the case of typewriting publication-title: Pedagogical Seminary – volume: 96 start-page: 200 issue: 50–53 year: 1923 end-page: 201 article-title: Test yourself and see how you compare with college students publication-title: American Magazine – volume: 9 start-page: 244 issue: 6 year: 1920 article-title: Speed and efficiency. publication-title: Industrial-Arts Magazine – volume: 14 start-page: 201 year: 1903 end-page: 251 article-title: Studies in the psychology and physiology of learning. publication-title: American Journal of Psychology – volume: 11 start-page: 283 year: 1900 end-page: 302 article-title: On the psychology and physiology of reading. publication-title: American Journal of Psychology – volume: 31 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 1920 end-page: 33 article-title: The logic of the normal law of error in mental measurement. publication-title: American Journal of Psychology – volume: 9 start-page: 365 issue: 3 year: 2010 end-page: 394 article-title: Simplified spelling and the cult of efficiency in the “Progressiv” era. publication-title: Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era – volume: 103 start-page: 164 issue: 3732 year: 1920 article-title: This man's true story gives you the secret of straight thinking for profit publication-title: Independent – volume: 62 start-page: 39 issue: 18) year: 1919 end-page: 40 article-title: Football – A national institution. publication-title: Collier's – volume: 1 start-page: 1 issue: 12 year: 1868 article-title: Speed test publication-title: Journal of the Telegraph – volume: 1 start-page: 40 issue: 3 year: 1851 end-page: 41 article-title: Progress. – No. 2 publication-title: Knoxiana – volume: 9 start-page: 184 year: 1994 end-page: 207 article-title: Helmholtz and the materialities of communication. publication-title: Osiris – volume: 3 start-page: 61 issue: 2 year: 1912 end-page: 74 article-title: A tentative revision and extension of the Binet-Simon measuring scale of intelligence. publication-title: Journal of Educational Psychology – volume: 8 start-page: 5 issue: 2 year: 1918 end-page: 6 article-title: Making a test of your own mind. publication-title: Personal Efficiency – volume: 31 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 1924 end-page: 48 article-title: The history of mental testing. publication-title: The Pedagogical Seminary – volume: 43 start-page: 307 issue: 2 year: 2009 end-page: 340 article-title: Women's work: The feminization and shifting meanings of clerical work. publication-title: Journal of Social History – volume: 6 start-page: 344 issue: 4 year: 1899 end-page: 375 article-title: Studies on the telegraphic language: The acquisition of a hierarchy of habits. publication-title: Psychological Review – volume: 56 issue: 823 year: 1897 article-title: The psychology of shorthand writing publication-title: Phonetic Journal – volume: 22 start-page: 167 issue: 554 year: 1905 end-page: 175 article-title: The admission of students to college by certificate. publication-title: Science – volume: 3 start-page: i issue: 6 year: 1901 end-page: 62 article-title: The correlation of mental and physical tests. publication-title: Psychological Review – volume: 53 start-page: 176 year: 2017 end-page: 198 article-title: Mental association: Testing individual differences before Binet. publication-title: Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences – volume: 14 start-page: 3 issue: 1 year: 1889 end-page: 4 article-title: Views of the profession. publication-title: Browne’s Phonographic Monthly – volume: 34 start-page: 393 issue: 24 year: 1891 article-title: Educational changes and tendencies. publication-title: Journal of Education – volume: 5 start-page: 1 issue: 2 year: 1902 end-page: 70 article-title: The practice curve. publication-title: Psychological Review: Monograph Supplements – volume: 8 start-page: 269 year: 1894 end-page: 286 article-title: A study of the mathematical consciousness. publication-title: Educational Review – volume: 17 start-page: 721 year: 1894 end-page: 729 article-title: Methods of laboratory mind-study publication-title: Forum – volume: 5 start-page: 3 issue: 10 year: 1908 end-page: 9 article-title: The Binet and Simon tests of intellectual capacity. publication-title: Training School Bulletin – volume: 10 start-page: 113 issue: 9 year: 1914 end-page: 117 article-title: The Binet test and the training of teachers. publication-title: Training School Bulletin – volume: 17 start-page: 57 issue: 3 year: 1920 end-page: 61 article-title: The need for an examination of certain hypotheses in mental tests. publication-title: The Journal Of Philosophy, Psychology And Scientific Methods – volume: 5 start-page: 217 issue: 8 year: 1912 end-page: 244 article-title: A practical guide for the administration of the Binet-Simon scale for measuring intelligence. publication-title: Psychological Clinic – ident: bibr32-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1111/j.1745-3984.1966.tb00870.x – ident: bibr63-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511490040 – volume-title: The Phonographic Teacher: Being an Inductive Exposition of Phonography year: 1852 ident: bibr91-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: Mental Evolution in Animals year: 1883 ident: bibr72-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: Schools as Sorters: Lewis M. Terman, Applied Psychology, and the Intelligence Testing Movement year: 1988 ident: bibr22-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: The Mental Test: A Critical Discussion year: 1923 ident: bibr26-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: Teaching to Think year: 1922 ident: bibr12-0961463X19883754 – volume: 7 start-page: 129 issue: 1 year: 2003 ident: bibr49-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Philosophia Scientiae – ident: bibr75-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.2307/2940628 – volume: 72 start-page: 371 issue: 2 year: 2005 ident: bibr66-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Social Research doi: 10.1353/sor.2005.0005 – volume: 11 start-page: 315 issue: 13 year: 1890 ident: bibr70-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Good Housekeping – volume: 6 start-page: 344 issue: 4 year: 1899 ident: bibr18-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Psychological Review doi: 10.1037/h0073117 – volume-title: Origins of Psychometry: Johan Jacob de Jaager, Student of FC Donders on Reaction Time and Mental Processes (1865) year: 1970 ident: bibr16-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: Democratic Eloquence: The Fight for Popular Speech in Nineteenth-Century America year: 1990 ident: bibr23-0961463X19883754 – ident: bibr83-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.2307/1412713 – ident: bibr55-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00626.x – ident: bibr44-0961463X19883754 – volume: 5 start-page: 217 issue: 8 year: 1912 ident: bibr90-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Psychological Clinic – ident: bibr60-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1126/science.22.554.167 – volume-title: The Postal Age: The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth-Century America year: 2007 ident: bibr47-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: Thinking, Fast and Slow year: 2011 ident: bibr57-0961463X19883754 – volume: 10 start-page: 113 issue: 9 year: 1914 ident: bibr58-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Training School Bulletin – volume-title: The Field of Distinct Vision with Special Reference to Individual Differences and Their Correlations year: 1907 ident: bibr74-0961463X19883754 – ident: bibr2-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1177/0306312707083531 – ident: bibr80-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.4324/9780203733028 – ident: bibr6-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.2307/1412429 – ident: bibr54-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.4159/9780674056527 – volume: 103 start-page: 164 issue: 3732 year: 1920 ident: bibr52-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Independent – start-page: 53 issue: 43 year: 1914 ident: bibr61-0961463X19883754 publication-title: McClure's – volume: 62 start-page: 39 issue: 18 year: 1919 ident: bibr73-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Collier's – ident: bibr21-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226093208.001.0001 – ident: bibr68-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1037/h0071020 – volume-title: Selected Writings of Francis Bacon year: 1955 ident: bibr5-0961463X19883754 – volume: 8 start-page: 269 year: 1894 ident: bibr19-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Educational Review – volume: 10 start-page: 23 issue: 2 year: 1913 ident: bibr41-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Training School Bulletin – volume: 4 start-page: 196 issue: 10 year: 1885 ident: bibr14-0961463X19883754 publication-title: . Brown and Holland Shorthand News – ident: bibr104-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1017/S1537781400004102 – start-page: 516 issue: 20 year: 1913 ident: bibr48-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Pedagogical Seminary – ident: bibr65-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1002/jhbs.21850 – volume: 56 issue: 823 year: 1897 ident: bibr69-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Phonetic Journal – volume: 26 start-page: 440 year: 1903 ident: bibr42-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Educational Review – ident: bibr34-0961463X19883754 – ident: bibr8-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1037/h0092999 – ident: bibr17-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1037/h0073806 – volume-title: The Mismeasure of Man year: 1981 ident: bibr43-0961463X19883754 – volume: 34 start-page: 440 issue: 7 year: 1891 ident: bibr67-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Pacific Medical Journal – volume: 8 start-page: 5 issue: 2 year: 1918 ident: bibr88-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Personal Efficiency – volume-title: Listening In: Radio and the American Imagination year: 1999 ident: bibr29-0961463X19883754 – ident: bibr24-0961463X19883754 – ident: bibr71-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1037/h0092985 – ident: bibr9-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1037/h0073682 – volume-title: Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking year: 2005 ident: bibr39-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: The Psychology of Skill: With Special Reference to its Acquisition in Typewriting year: 1908 ident: bibr11-0961463X19883754 – volume: 3 start-page: 1 year: 1902 ident: bibr78-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Studies of Psychology – volume: 26 start-page: 266 year: 1903 ident: bibr35-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Educational Review – volume-title: Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson year: 1883 ident: bibr31-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: Classroom Management: Its Principles and Technique year: 1907 ident: bibr7-0961463X19883754 – ident: bibr59-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1086/368736 – ident: bibr36-0961463X19883754 – volume: 17 start-page: 721 year: 1894 ident: bibr76-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Forum – ident: bibr25-0961463X19883754 – start-page: 317 volume-title: The SAGE Handbook of Rhetorical Studies year: 2009 ident: bibr3-0961463X19883754 – ident: bibr62-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226015057.001.0001 – ident: bibr33-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1353/jsh.0.0284 – volume: 3 start-page: i issue: 6 year: 1901 ident: bibr93-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Psychological Review – volume-title: The Triumph of the Truth; Or, the Vindication of Divine Providence year: 1838 ident: bibr38-0961463X19883754 – volume: 5 start-page: 3 issue: 10 year: 1908 ident: bibr40-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Training School Bulletin – ident: bibr13-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.2307/1413989 – volume: 2 start-page: 463 issue: 6 year: 1924 ident: bibr79-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Vocational Education Magazine – ident: bibr86-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.146169 – volume: 1 start-page: 40 issue: 3 year: 1851 ident: bibr98-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Knoxiana – ident: bibr94-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.2307/1412620 – ident: bibr82-0961463X19883754 – ident: bibr92-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1037/13583-000 – volume-title: Handwriting in America: A Cultural History year: 1996 ident: bibr87-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: The development of methods of group examination of the intelligence of adolescents. In: Fifth annual conference on educational measurements year: 1918 ident: bibr97-0961463X19883754 – ident: bibr50-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.2307/1412745 – volume: 96 start-page: 200 issue: 50 year: 1923 ident: bibr45-0961463X19883754 publication-title: American Magazine – volume: 1 start-page: 1 issue: 12 year: 1868 ident: bibr56-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Journal of the Telegraph – ident: bibr95-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1037/10823-000 – volume-title: Some General Principles of Management Applied to City Schools year: 1913 ident: bibr10-0961463X19883754 – start-page: 344 volume-title: Residual Media year: 2007 ident: bibr27-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: American Educational History Revisited: A Critique of Progress year: 2003 ident: bibr37-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: A Syllabus for the Clinical Examination of Children year: 1912 ident: bibr51-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: Education and the Cult of Efficiency year: 1962 ident: bibr20-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: Everyday Ideas: Socioliterary Experience among Antebellum New Englanders year: 2008 ident: bibr102-0961463X19883754 – ident: bibr84-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1037/10014-000 – volume-title: Transcribing Class and Gender: Masculinity and Femininity in Nineteenth-Century Courts and Offices year: 2010 ident: bibr81-0961463X19883754 – ident: bibr101-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1080/08919402.1924.10532922 – volume-title: Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s year: 1995 ident: bibr28-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing year: 1998 ident: bibr103-0961463X19883754 – volume: 34 start-page: 393 issue: 24 year: 1891 ident: bibr30-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Journal of Education – volume-title: Cleveland Schools in the Nineteenth Century year: 1901 ident: bibr1-0961463X19883754 – ident: bibr46-0961463X19883754 – ident: bibr77-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1037/12923-000 – volume: 9 start-page: 244 issue: 6 year: 1920 ident: bibr53-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Industrial-Arts Magazine – volume-title: Psychological Examining in the United States Army year: 1921 ident: bibr100-0961463X19883754 – volume-title: Inventing the Feeble Mind: A History of Mental Retardation in the United States year: 1994 ident: bibr89-0961463X19883754 – volume: 14 start-page: 3 issue: 1 year: 1889 ident: bibr15-0961463X19883754 publication-title: Browne’s Phonographic Monthly – volume-title: Measurement in Higher Education year: 1923 ident: bibr99-0961463X19883754 – ident: bibr85-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1037/h0075624 – ident: bibr4-0961463X19883754 doi: 10.1037/h0070013 – volume-title: Educational Tests and Measurements year: 1917 ident: bibr64-0961463X19883754 |
| SSID | ssib004279915 ssib059270870 ssj0007864 |
| Score | 2.2217379 |
| Snippet | In the early 20th century, mental speed became a dominant measure of intelligence in the United States. For both cultural and technical reasons, this had not... |
| SourceID | proquest crossref sage |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Enrichment Source Index Database Publisher |
| StartPage | 469 |
| SubjectTerms | 19th century 20th century Academic achievement Armed forces Career counseling Experimental psychology Experts Intelligence Measurement Psychologists Psychology Rationalization Reaction time Speech Teachers |
| Title | The secret of quick thinking: The invention of mental speed in America, 1890–1925 |
| URI | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0961463X19883754 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2401630005 |
| Volume | 29 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000502689200001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVSPB databaseName: SAGE HSS Package 2015 customDbUrl: eissn: 1461-7463 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0007864 issn: 0961-463X databaseCode: AEVPJ dateStart: 19990301 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://journals.sagepub.com/ providerName: SAGE Publications |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwvV1Na9swGH5Jkx166b5pumzoMAKDarEkO7J2GWU0jDFCYGvIzViyREPbJG2cQm79D_uH-yXT648k29joqVdLtmXpsd_Hej8egLcZMx4GLqCRBwMNs0zS1GhNU2kyKaVWWaENOP4qh8N4MlGjBszqXJhqBpfvMazKj6j4WOPbjbvRvcrJ2EOdkrAvJv6POUYN14-r_Copd7trUQ08gu7p1RV6tg3GQ65pnd22By2OdWKa0Do5HY--7CBYesK0QXikuAwKRFffdhmXBan8_SkOYOv4_GtMvxu6LXvdCRgrbNjg8UM__RM4qNguOSnh-RQadvYMjjZJMqRLyvRgUlYrWT-Hbx63ZIlcNidzR65XU3NB8vNS4eEDwdZpHSePHUptArJceCvsW0jlgTomLFbBz7sfnlpGL-BscPr902daCT9QIwKV09BFYapM38bWGSGNECJwQoVauyx1fW6N7tso5ZqxzNtWw63T6KFlcaaiQEjxEpqz-cweAolCEzKunWVOeZsQx6nzHElKw1PPnbhqQ69epcRUVdFRnOMyYXUh9D9muw3vNmcsyoog_-nbqRc-qdc28RyKYaGzIGpDFxd62_Sv6xzdt-Mr2Oe4IVBEZHagmd-s7Gt4ZG7z6fLmTYX2XzMwDgU |
| linkProvider | SAGE Publications |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3ZSsQwFL24gb64izNueRBBsNo07aTxTURxGQfBhXkrTZrgoIzLdATf_Af_0C_xpsvMqCiCr02atslp7gm5OQdgPaEKYWBcJ0AwOH6ScCdWUjoxVwnnXIok8wa8rvNGI2w2xfmA1VfRg51tm1aFb5RN1r2_2yolCQwoNdbExXJo7VuHYdRH1o7_5OjewfX5yQAYOV7ugTUQHnczcBbTNA9zbSlsz7EN9vcwvz3jc8zqE9GB3K8sHB1O_eNDpmGy4KBkLwfNDAzp9ixUe0dXyAbJD-2SXEPkZQ4uEE2kYxlmSu4Neey21C1Jb3LfhV1iS1tl9rqtkDsGkM4DxkYsIcW-0BahoXDfX9-Q8AXzcHV4cLl_5BR2DI5irkgd3wR-LFRNh9ooxhVjzDVM-FKaJDY1TytZ00HsSUoTjHjK00bafVMaJiJwGWcLMNK-b-tFIIGvfOpJo6kROFOHYWyQuXCuvBgZjScqsFN2eKQKrXJrmXEX0VKe_EvvVWCzd8dDrtPxS93lcgyjcpgiZDbUyo-5QQU27Jj1i35qp_rXimswfnR5Vo_qx43TJZjw7JI9y5lchpH0qatXYEw9p63O02oB4g-L2eXo |
| linkToPdf | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1db9MwFL2CFk17GR_bRMcAP6BKkxYax0kd81bBKjaqqhJb1bco_hIVqO3WbBJv_Af-Ib-E68RpyxDTJJ7tOMn1se-x7vU9AG80VQgDGwYJgiGIteZBrqQMcq4051wKXWoDjgd8OEwnEzHyuTnuLoy34PKtS6vCLyo3a7e6F9p2fIyx42RK4i6b4IE5dRKuD6GJp5oQYd7snYxHZxuA5Mh_VoBNRMTDEqB-q-ZpVV8KxwvcgOs45l_v-NNvrcnoRv5X6ZL6j__zZ57AjueipFeB5yk8MLNncLC6wkLapLq8S6paIt934TOiiiwd0yzI3JLL66n6Soovlf7CO-Jap3UWu-tQKQeQ5QJ9JLYQHx86JjQV4a8fP5H4JXtw0T85f_8x8LIMgWKhKILYJnEuVNekxirGFWMstEzEUlqd225klOyaJI8kpRo9n4qMlS5-SlMtkpBxtg-N2XxmngNJYhXTSFpDrcAdO01ziwyGcxXlyGwi0YJObfRM-ZrlTjrjW0brMuW3rNeCo9UTi6pexx19D-t5zOqpypDhUFeGLExa0Hbztm761zgH9-34GrZGH_rZ4HT46QVsR-7kXqZOHkKjuLo2L-GRuimmy6tXHse_AVF36Fw |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+secret+of+quick+thinking%3A+The+invention+of+mental+speed+in+America%2C+1890%E2%80%931925&rft.jtitle=Time+%26+society&rft.au=Clark+Justin+Tyler&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft.pub=Sage+Publications+Ltd&rft.issn=0961-463X&rft.eissn=1461-7463&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=469&rft.epage=493&rft_id=info:doi/10.1177%2F0961463X19883754&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0961-463X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0961-463X&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0961-463X&client=summon |