Latency-Aware Horizontal Computation Offloading for Parallel Processing in Fog-Enabled IoT

In this article, we propose a two-step distributed horizontal architecture for computation offloading in a fog-enabled Internet of Things environment-HD-Fog-to minimize the overall energy consumption, and latency while executing hard real-time applications. HD stands for the horizontal distribution...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:IEEE systems journal Vol. 16; no. 2; pp. 1 - 8
Main Authors: Deb, Pallav Kumar, Misra, Sudip, Mukherjee, Anandarup
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: New York IEEE 01.06.2022
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subjects:
Cloud computing
Computation offloading
Computer architecture
Decision making
Delays
distributed and parallel computing
Electronic devices
Energy consumption
Fog computing
Horizontal distribution
Internet of Things
Internet of Things (IoT)
Network latency
Nodes
Optimization
Parallel processing
queueing theory
Real-time systems
Reliability
Task analysis
ISSN:1932-8184, 1937-9234
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Abstract In this article, we propose a two-step distributed horizontal architecture for computation offloading in a fog-enabled Internet of Things environment-HD-Fog-to minimize the overall energy consumption, and latency while executing hard real-time applications. HD stands for the horizontal distribution of the tasks in the fog layer. Each sensor in the user devices independently captures data of varying formats. Parallel execution on these data is possible based on its directed acyclic task graph (DATG), and the corresponding results facilitate the ease of decision-making. Toward this, in HD-Fog, the sensor nodes in user devices offload their tasks to a nearby fog node based on a greedy selection criterion. This fog node then further offloads the smaller subtasks, based on the DATG, among other fog nodes for parallel execution. Through extensive real-life metric-based emulation and comparison against traditional Fog and Cloud computing schemes, we observe that our approach 1) reduces the overall operational delays by 29% and 96%, and 2) offers promising speedup values. The proposed HD-Fog scheme also indicates a reduction in energy consumption by 30% compared to traditional fog computing schemes.
AbstractList In this article, we propose a two-step distributed horizontal architecture for computation offloading in a fog-enabled Internet of Things environment—HD-Fog—to minimize the overall energy consumption, and latency while executing hard real-time applications. HD stands for the horizontal distribution of the tasks in the fog layer. Each sensor in the user devices independently captures data of varying formats. Parallel execution on these data is possible based on its directed acyclic task graph (DATG), and the corresponding results facilitate the ease of decision-making. Toward this, in HD-Fog, the sensor nodes in user devices offload their tasks to a nearby fog node based on a greedy selection criterion. This fog node then further offloads the smaller subtasks, based on the DATG, among other fog nodes for parallel execution. Through extensive real-life metric-based emulation and comparison against traditional Fog and Cloud computing schemes, we observe that our approach 1) reduces the overall operational delays by 29% and 96%, and 2) offers promising speedup values. The proposed HD-Fog scheme also indicates a reduction in energy consumption by 30% compared to traditional fog computing schemes.
Author Deb, Pallav Kumar
Misra, Sudip
Mukherjee, Anandarup
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Pallav Kumar
  surname: Deb
  fullname: Deb, Pallav Kumar
  email: pallv.deb@gmail.com
  organization: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302 India (e-mail: pallv.deb@gmail.com)
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Sudip
  surname: Misra
  fullname: Misra, Sudip
  email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
  organization: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302 India (e-mail: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in)
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Anandarup
  surname: Mukherjee
  fullname: Mukherjee, Anandarup
  email: anandarupmukherjee@ieee.org
  organization: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302 India (e-mail: anandarupmukherjee@ieee.org)
BookMark eNp9kE1rwkAQhpdioWr7B9pLoOfY_Uj24yii1SIomEt7CZtkViJx124ixf76RiM99NDTDDPzzAvPAPWss4DQI8EjQrB6edu8b5IRxZSMGJZxzPkN6hPFRKgoi3qXnoaSyOgODep6h3EsY6H66GOpG7D5KRx_aQ_B3Pny29lGV8HE7Q_HRjels8HKmMrporTbwDgfrLXXVQVVsPYuh7o-z0sbzNw2nFqdVVAEC5fco1ujqxoernWIktk0mczD5ep1MRkvw5yquAk5GKklxrowREpFMokFzfJCx8B4pNudyBhoEJhwyYyAKFd5EUWGMkXiiA3Rc_f24N3nEeom3bmjt21iSrngQijMSXtFu6vcu7r2YNKDL_fan1KC07PC9KIwPStMrwpbSP6B8rIz0nhdVv-jTx1aAsBvlopiroRiP2kngY4
CODEN ISJEB2
CitedBy_id crossref_primary_10_3390_electronics12153224
crossref_primary_10_1109_TWC_2025_3536486
crossref_primary_10_3390_s22186906
crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2024_3415418
crossref_primary_10_1109_LWC_2024_3429621
crossref_primary_10_1007_s00607_025_01514_y
crossref_primary_10_3390_app12199510
crossref_primary_10_32604_cmc_2025_061254
crossref_primary_10_1109_JSYST_2024_3403673
crossref_primary_10_1007_s11042_023_16107_0
crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jnca_2022_103354
crossref_primary_10_1109_JIOT_2023_3339492
crossref_primary_10_1007_s10922_025_09931_2
Cites_doi 10.1109/JSYST.2018.2877850
10.1109/JIOT.2018.2867351
10.1109/TVT.2019.2896586
10.1145/2248371.2248394
10.1109/TII.2019.2951206
10.1109/JIOT.2018.2838022
10.1109/TSUSC.2018.2836314
10.1049/iet-net.2015.0034
10.1109/JIOT.2018.2875599
10.1109/JSYST.2019.2923635
10.1109/TGCN.2019.2960767
10.1109/JSYST.2019.2903293
10.1109/TVT.2014.2372852
10.1109/TVT.2018.2890685
10.1109/TVT.2019.2943647
10.1109/TSIPN.2015.2448520
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2022
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 2022
DBID 97E
RIA
RIE
AAYXX
CITATION
DOI 10.1109/JSYST.2021.3085566
DatabaseName IEEE Xplore (IEEE)
IEEE All-Society Periodicals Package (ASPP) 1998–Present
IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
CrossRef
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
DatabaseTitleList

Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: RIE
  name: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
  url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
  sourceTypes: Publisher
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Engineering
EISSN 1937-9234
EndPage 8
ExternalDocumentID 10_1109_JSYST_2021_3085566
9456979
Genre orig-research
GroupedDBID 0R~
29I
4.4
5GY
5VS
6IK
97E
AAJGR
AARMG
AASAJ
AAWTH
ABAZT
ABQJQ
ABVLG
ACIWK
AENEX
AGQYO
AHBIQ
AKJIK
AKQYR
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
ATWAV
BEFXN
BFFAM
BGNUA
BKEBE
BPEOZ
CS3
DU5
EBS
HZ~
IFIPE
IPLJI
JAVBF
LAI
M43
O9-
OCL
RIA
RIE
RNS
AAYXX
AETIX
AGSQL
CITATION
EJD
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c295t-6ef8a800adf18891b8072bcda5e364a8a87b3eae701683f7e4c9cd44f2391543
IEDL.DBID RIE
ISICitedReferencesCount 16
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000732883800001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 1932-8184
IngestDate Mon Jun 30 05:35:56 EDT 2025
Sat Nov 29 02:59:25 EST 2025
Tue Nov 18 21:02:36 EST 2025
Wed Aug 27 02:50:51 EDT 2025
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 2
Language English
License https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html
https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029
https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c295t-6ef8a800adf18891b8072bcda5e364a8a87b3eae701683f7e4c9cd44f2391543
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
ORCID 0000-0002-4605-9046
0000-0002-2467-6414
0000-0002-3165-1151
PQID 2676779061
PQPubID 85494
PageCount 8
ParticipantIDs proquest_journals_2676779061
crossref_citationtrail_10_1109_JSYST_2021_3085566
ieee_primary_9456979
crossref_primary_10_1109_JSYST_2021_3085566
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2022-06-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2022-06-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 06
  year: 2022
  text: 2022-06-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace New York
PublicationPlace_xml – name: New York
PublicationTitle IEEE systems journal
PublicationTitleAbbrev JSYST
PublicationYear 2022
Publisher IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher_xml – name: IEEE
– name: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
References ref13
ref12
ref14
ref11
ref10
ref2
ref1
ref17
ref16
ref8
ref7
ref9
ref4
ref3
ref6
ref5
Cisco (ref15) 2015
References_xml – ident: ref12
  doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2018.2877850
– ident: ref1
  doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2867351
– ident: ref3
  doi: 10.1109/TVT.2019.2896586
– ident: ref9
  doi: 10.1145/2248371.2248394
– ident: ref2
  doi: 10.1109/TII.2019.2951206
– ident: ref16
  doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2838022
– ident: ref7
  doi: 10.1109/TSUSC.2018.2836314
– ident: ref17
  doi: 10.1049/iet-net.2015.0034
– ident: ref4
  doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2875599
– ident: ref10
  doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2019.2923635
– ident: ref14
  doi: 10.1109/TGCN.2019.2960767
– ident: ref8
  doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2019.2903293
– ident: ref6
  doi: 10.1109/TVT.2014.2372852
– ident: ref13
  doi: 10.1109/TVT.2018.2890685
– ident: ref11
  doi: 10.1109/TVT.2019.2943647
– issue: C11-734435-00
  year: 2015
  ident: ref15
  article-title: Fog computing and the Internet of Things: Extend the cloud to where the things are
– ident: ref5
  doi: 10.1109/TSIPN.2015.2448520
SSID ssj0058579
Score 2.3671196
Snippet In this article, we propose a two-step distributed horizontal architecture for computation offloading in a fog-enabled Internet of Things environment-HD-Fog-to...
In this article, we propose a two-step distributed horizontal architecture for computation offloading in a fog-enabled Internet of Things environment—HD-Fog—to...
SourceID proquest
crossref
ieee
SourceType Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
Publisher
StartPage 1
SubjectTerms Cloud computing
Computation offloading
Computer architecture
Decision making
Delays
distributed and parallel computing
Electronic devices
Energy consumption
Fog computing
Horizontal distribution
Internet of Things
Internet of Things (IoT)
Network latency
Nodes
Optimization
Parallel processing
queueing theory
Real-time systems
Reliability
Task analysis
Title Latency-Aware Horizontal Computation Offloading for Parallel Processing in Fog-Enabled IoT
URI https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9456979
https://www.proquest.com/docview/2676779061
Volume 16
WOSCitedRecordID wos000732883800001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVIEE
  databaseName: IEEE Electronic Library (IEL)
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 1937-9234
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0058579
  issn: 1932-8184
  databaseCode: RIE
  dateStart: 20070101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/
  providerName: IEEE
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1dS8MwFL244YM--DXF6ZQ8-KbZ-pEuyeMQxxRRwSLTl5ImqQzGKt2m6K83SbspKIJPLW0CJafNPUnvORfghLFUeIoLHGWRxma9oXDKGMFUGG7LQ6V9J49-uKY3N2w45HcrcLbUwmitXfKZbttT9y9f5XJut8o63ER7TnkNapTSUqu1mHUN63W-epaPYBOEyEIg4_HO1f3jfWyWgoHfDm1alnNE_ApCrqrKj6nYxZf-5v-ebAs2Kh6JeiXw27CiJzuw_s1dsAFP18IS4nfcexOFRoO8GH3kVvyIylIODhN0m2Xj3CXSI8Nf0Z0obHWVMaoUBPb6aIL6-TO-cDIrhS7zeBfi_kV8PsBVKQUsAx7NcFdnTBhuKFTmM8b9lHk0SKUSkQ67RJh7NA210NQwQBZmVBPJpSIkC6yBPAn3oD7JJ3ofkKcin3qpZJKEJNCEm6MnlU2VFUqmpAn-YmgTWdmM22oX48QtNzyeODgSC0dSwdGE02Wfl9Jk48_WDQvAsmU19k1oLRBMqu9wmgTWj45yQ1oOfu91CGuBFTS4fZUW1GfFXB_BqnydjabFsXvFPgGudc5y
linkProvider IEEE
linkToHtml http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwlV1dS8MwFL3MKagPfovzMw--abQfqUkeh2xMnVNYkelLSZNUBmOVOhX99SZZNwVF8KmlTaDktLkn6T3nAhwylgpPcYGjLNLYrDcUThkjmArDbXmotO_k0Xdt2umwXo_fVuB4qoXRWrvkM31iT92_fJXLF7tVdspNtOeUz8BsREjgj9Vak3nX8F7nrGcZCTZhiEwkMh4_vezed2OzGAz8k9AmZjlPxK8w5Oqq_JiMXYRpLv_v2VZgqWSSqD6GfhUqergGi9_8BdfhoS0sJX7H9TdRaNTKi_5HbuWPaFzMwaGCbrJskLtUemQYLLoVha2vMkClhsBe7w9RM3_EDSe0Uugijzcgbjbi8xYuiylgGfBohM90xoRhh0JlPmPcT5lHg1QqEenwjAhzj6ahFpoaDsjCjGoiuVSEZIG1kCfhJlSH-VBvAfJU5FMvlUySkASacHP0pLLJskLJlNTAnwxtIkujcVvvYpC4BYfHEwdHYuFISjhqcDTt8zS22fiz9boFYNqyHPsa7E4QTMov8TkJrCMd5Ya2bP_e6wDmW_F1O2lfdK52YCGw8ga3y7IL1VHxovdgTr6O-s_FvnvdPgGUp9G5
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Latency-Aware+Horizontal+Computation+Offloading+for+Parallel+Processing+in+Fog-Enabled+IoT&rft.jtitle=IEEE+systems+journal&rft.au=Deb%2C+Pallav+Kumar&rft.au=Misra%2C+Sudip&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+Anandarup&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers%2C+Inc.+%28IEEE%29&rft.issn=1932-8184&rft.eissn=1937-9234&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=2537&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FJSYST.2021.3085566&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1932-8184&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1932-8184&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1932-8184&client=summon