Online Detuning Computation and Quench Detection for Superconducting Resonators

Superconducting cavities are responsible for beam acceleration in superconducting linear accelerators. Challenging cavity control specifications are necessary to reduce radio frequency (RF) costs and to maximize the availability of the accelerator. Cavity detuning and bandwidth are two critical para...

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Published in:	IEEE transactions on nuclear science Vol. 68; no. 4; pp. 385 - 393
Main Authors:	Bellandi, Andrea, Butkowski, Lukasz, Dursun, Burak, Eichler, Annika, Gumus, Cagil, Kuntzsch, Michael, Nawaz, Ayla, Pfeiffer, Sven, Schlarb, Holger, Schmidt, Christian, Zenker, Klaus, Branlard, Julien
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	New York IEEE 01.04.2021 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subjects:	Acceleration Algorithms Bandwidth Bandwidths Continuous radiation Continuous wave (CW) Control algorithms digital signal processing (DSP) Electron beams Emittance Estimation Field programmable gate arrays field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) Free electron lasers Holes Laser beams Linear accelerators Mathematical analysis parameter estimation Parameters particle accelerators Piezoelectricity Q factors Q-factor Radio frequency Real time Signal to noise ratio superconducting cavities Superconductivity
ISSN:	0018-9499, 1558-1578
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Abstract	Superconducting cavities are responsible for beam acceleration in superconducting linear accelerators. Challenging cavity control specifications are necessary to reduce radio frequency (RF) costs and to maximize the availability of the accelerator. Cavity detuning and bandwidth are two critical parameters to monitor when operating particle accelerators. Cavity detuning is strongly related to the power required to generate the desired accelerating gradient. Cavity bandwidth is related to the cavity RF losses. A sudden increase in bandwidth can indicate the presence of a quench or multipacting event. Therefore, calculating these parameters in real time in the low-level RF (LLRF) system is highly desirable. A real-time estimation of the bandwidth allows for a faster response of the machine protection system in the case of quench events, whereas the estimation of cavity detuning can be used to drive piezoelectric tuner-based resonance control algorithms. In this article, a new field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based estimation component is presented. Such a component is designed to be used either in continuous wave (CW) or pulsed operation mode with loaded quality factors between <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">10^{6} </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">10^{8} </tex-math></inline-formula>. Results of this component with free-electron LASer in Hamburg (FLASH), European X-ray free electron laser (EuXFEL), cryo module test bench (CMTB), and electron linac for beams with high brilliance and low emittance (ELBE) are presented.
AbstractList	Superconducting cavities are responsible for beam acceleration in superconducting linear accelerators. Challenging cavity control specifications are necessary to reduce radio frequency (RF) costs and to maximize the availability of the accelerator. Cavity detuning and bandwidth are two critical parameters to monitor when operating particle accelerators. Cavity detuning is strongly related to the power required to generate the desired accelerating gradient. Cavity bandwidth is related to the cavity RF losses. A sudden increase in bandwidth can indicate the presence of a quench or multipacting event. Therefore, calculating these parameters in real time in the low-level RF (LLRF) system is highly desirable. A real-time estimation of the bandwidth allows for a faster response of the machine protection system in the case of quench events, whereas the estimation of cavity detuning can be used to drive piezoelectric tuner-based resonance control algorithms. In this article, a new field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based estimation component is presented. Such a component is designed to be used either in continuous wave (CW) or pulsed operation mode with loaded quality factors between <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">10^{6} </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">10^{8} </tex-math></inline-formula>. Results of this component with free-electron LASer in Hamburg (FLASH), European X-ray free electron laser (EuXFEL), cryo module test bench (CMTB), and electron linac for beams with high brilliance and low emittance (ELBE) are presented. Superconducting cavities are responsible for beam acceleration in superconducting linear accelerators. Challenging cavity control specifications are necessary to reduce radio frequency (RF) costs and to maximize the availability of the accelerator. Cavity detuning and bandwidth are two critical parameters to monitor when operating particle accelerators. Cavity detuning is strongly related to the power required to generate the desired accelerating gradient. Cavity bandwidth is related to the cavity RF losses. A sudden increase in bandwidth can indicate the presence of a quench or multipacting event. Therefore, calculating these parameters in real time in the low-level RF (LLRF) system is highly desirable. A real-time estimation of the bandwidth allows for a faster response of the machine protection system in the case of quench events, whereas the estimation of cavity detuning can be used to drive piezoelectric tuner-based resonance control algorithms. In this article, a new field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based estimation component is presented. Such a component is designed to be used either in continuous wave (CW) or pulsed operation mode with loaded quality factors between [Formula Omitted] and [Formula Omitted]. Results of this component with free-electron LASer in Hamburg (FLASH), European X-ray free electron laser (EuXFEL), cryo module test bench (CMTB), and electron linac for beams with high brilliance and low emittance (ELBE) are presented.
Author	Kuntzsch, Michael Zenker, Klaus Gumus, Cagil Eichler, Annika Schlarb, Holger Dursun, Burak Pfeiffer, Sven Branlard, Julien Bellandi, Andrea Nawaz, Ayla Butkowski, Lukasz Schmidt, Christian
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SubjectTerms	Acceleration Algorithms Bandwidth Bandwidths Continuous radiation Continuous wave (CW) Control algorithms digital signal processing (DSP) Electron beams Emittance Estimation Field programmable gate arrays field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) Free electron lasers Holes Laser beams Linear accelerators Mathematical analysis parameter estimation Parameters particle accelerators Piezoelectricity Q factors Q-factor Radio frequency Real time Signal to noise ratio superconducting cavities Superconductivity
Title	Online Detuning Computation and Quench Detection for Superconducting Resonators
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